List of Nursing Diagnosis

Nursing Diagnosis for Encephalitis : Acute Pain related to irritation of the brain lining.

Goal :
Patients seen decreases pain / pain control.

Outcomes :

• Patients can sleep.
• Saying decrease pain.

Interventions :
1. Try to create a safe and quiet environment.
Rationale : Lowering the reaction to external stimuli or sensitivity to light and encourage patients to rest.

2. Cold compress to the head and a cool cloth on the eye.
Rationale : Can cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels of the brain.

3. Perform active or passive motion exercise in accordance with the conditions of tender and careful.
Rationale : Can help to relax tense muscles and may decrease pain / disconfort.

collaboration :
4. Give analgesics.
Rationale : It may be necessary to decrease pain.


Nursing Diagnosis for Encephalitis : Risk for Injury related to the presence of seizures, altered mental status and decreased level of consciousness.

Goal :
Patients free from injury caused by seizures and loss of consciousness.

1. Monitor spasms in hands, feet, mouth and other facial muscles.
Rationale : Require evaluation in accordance with the appropriate interventions to prevent complications.

2. Prepare a safe environment such as bed boundaries, safety boards, and suction devices have always been close to the patient.
Rationale : Protecting patients when seizures occur.

3. Maintain total bedrest during the acute phase.
Rationale : Reduce the risk of falls / injured if vertigo, sincope, and ataxia occurred.

4. Give appropriate therapy doctors advice.
Rationale : To prevent or reduce seizures.

Nursing Care Plan for Encephalitis

Nursing Diagnosis : Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to increased intracranial pressure.

Goal :

• Neurologic status returned to the state before the illness.
• Increased awareness and sensory function.

Outcomes :

• Vital signs within normal limits.
• Headache is reduced.
• Increased awareness.
• No signs or loss of increased intracranial pressure.

Interventions :
1. Total bed rest with supine sleeping position without a pillow.
Rationale : Changes in intracranial pressure will be able to mislead the risk for brain herniation.

2. Monitor the status of neurological signs with GCS.
Rationale : Can reduce further brain damage.

3. Monitor vital signs such as BP, pulse, temperature, respiration and caution in systolic hypertension.
Rationale : In normal circumstances autoregulation maintains a state of altered systemic blood pressure to fluctuate. Failure of autoregulation, will lead to cerebral vascular damage that can be manifested by an increase in systolic and diastolic pressure followed by a decrease. While the increase in temperature can describe the course of infection.

4. Monitor intake and output.
Rationale : Hyperthermia can lead to increased IWL and increase the risk of dehydration, especially in patients who are not aware, and nausea were lower intake orally.

5. Help the patient to limit vomiting, coughing. Instruct the patient to exhale when moving or turning in bed.
Rationale : Activity vomiting or coughing can increase intracranial pressure and intra-abdominal. Exhale when moving or changing position can protect themselves from the effects of valsalva's.

Collaboration :

6. Arterial blood gas analysis monitor when needed oxygen administration.
Rationale : The possibility of acidosis is accompanied by the release of oxygen at the cellular level may lead to the occurrence of cerebral ischemic.

7. Give appropriate therapy doctors advice.
Rationale : Given therapy can decrease capillary permeability. Lowering of cerebral edema. Lowering metabolic cells / consumption and seizures.

Nursing Care Plan for Malaria

Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to inadequate food intake ; anorexia ; nausea / vomiting.

Goal :

Nutrients are met.

Outcomes :
Increased nutrient intake.

Intervention :
1. Assess the nutritional history, including the preferred food . Observation and record food intake.
Rational : Keep an eye on caloric intake or lack of quality of food consumption.

2. Give a little to eat, and a little extra food right.
Rational : Gastric dilatation can occur when feeding too quickly after a period of anorexia.

3. Maintain a schedule of regular weighing.
Rational : Keep an eye on the effectiveness of weight loss or nutritional intervention.

4. Discuss preferred by the client and input in a pure diet.
Rational : It can increase input, increase the sense of participation / control.

5. Observe and record the presence of nausea / vomiting , and other symptoms associated.
Rational : GI symptoms may show the effects of anemia ( hypoxia ) in the organ.

6. Collaboration to perform to a dietitian.
Rationale : Need help in planning a diet that meets nutritional needs.


Knowledge Deficit : about the disease, prognosis and treatment needs related to lack of exposure / recall errors of interpretation of information, cognitive limitations.

Interventions :

1. Review the disease process and future expectations.
Rationale : This action provides the knowledge base in which the patient can make a choice.

2. Provide information on drugs, drug interactions, side effects and adherence to the program.
Rationale : Increase understanding and enhance cooperation in healing and reducing recurrence of complications.

3. Discuss the need for proper nutritional intake and balanced.
Rational : That the need for optimal healing and general well-being.

4. Encourage periods of rest and activity scheduled.
Rational : That the energy savings and improve healing.

5. Review the need for personal hygiene and environmental cleanliness.
Rationale : Helps control the exposure environment, by reducing the number of disease-causing there.

6. Identify signs and symptoms that require medical evaluation.
Rationale : Early recognition of the development / recurrence of infection.

7. Emphasize the importance of antibiotic treatment as needed.
Rationale : The use of the prevention of infection.

Nursing Diagnosis for Osteoarthritis : Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to pain

Outcomes :
Clients can meet the needs of rest or sleep.

Independent:

1. Determine the normal and usual sleep habits and the changes that occur.
2. Provide a comfortable bed.
3. Create a new bedtime routine that is included in the old patterns and new environment.
4. Instruct act of relaxation.
5. Increase comfort bedtime regimen, such as a warm bath and massage.
6. Use the bed fence as indicated : if possible lower the bed.
7. Avoid disturbing the client when the client is asleep, when possible, for example wake for drugs or therapy.

Collaboration :

1. Give medications as indicated.

Rationale :

1. Assessing the need for and identify appropriate interventions.
2. Improving the convenience of sleep and support the physiological / psychological.
3. When the new routines contain as many aspects of old habits, stress and anxiety -related can be reduced.
4. Help induce sleep.
5. Increase the relaxation effect.
6. Can feel the fear of falling due to changes in the size and height of the bed, place a fence to help change the position.
7. More uninterrupted sleep creates a feeling of fresh and patients may possibly not be able to go back to sleep if awakened.

1. May be given to help the patient sleep or rest.

Nursing Care Plan for Osteoarthritis

Disturbed Body Image related to changes in the ability to perform common tasks.

Outcomes :
Expressing increased confidence in ability to cope with illness, lifestyle changes and possible limitations.

Interventions :
Independent:

1. Encourage disclosure about problems regarding the disease process, hope for the future.
2. Discuss the meaning of the loss / change in patient / significant other. Ascertain how the patient's personal views on the functioning of day-to- day lifestyle.
3. Discuss the patient's perception of how the people closest to accept limitations.
4. Acknowledge and accept the feelings of the bereaved, hostile dependency.
5. Note the behavior of withdrawn, denied or paid much attention to the body / changes.
6. Arrange limits on maladaptive behavior. Help the patient to identify positive behaviors that can help coping.
7. Involve the patient in the treatment plan and schedule activities.

Collaboration :

1. Refer to psychiatric counseling.
2. Give medicines as directed.

Rationale :

1. Give a chance to identify a fear / upset face it directly.
2. Identify how the disease affects self-perception and interaction with others will determine the need for further intervention or counseling.
3. Verbal cues / nonverbal people nearby can have a major influence on how the patient views himself.
4. Pain is exhausting, and feelings of anger, hostility common.
5. Can indicate emotional or maladaptive method, requiring further intervention or psychological support.
6. Helping patients maintain self-control can increase feelings of self-esteem.
7. Increase feelings of competence / self-esteem, encourage independence, and encourage participation and therapy.
8. Patient / significant other may need support for dealing with long-term process / disability.
9. May be required at the time of the advent of the Great Depression until patients develop effective coping skills.

Nursing Care Plan for Osteoarthritis


Nursing Diagnosis for Osteoarthritis : Activity Intolerance related to changes in muscle.

Outcomes :
Clients are able to participate in the desired activity.

Interventions :

• Maintain bed rest / sit down if necessary.
• Help move with minimal assistance.
• Encourage clients maintain an upright posture, sitting height, standing and walking.
• Provide a safe environment and recommends to use a walker.
• Give as indicated drugs such as steroids.

Rationale :

• To prevent fatigue and maintains strength.
• Improve joint function, muscle strength and general stamina.
• Maximizing the function of joints and maintain mobility.
• Avoiding injuries caused by accidents such as falls.
• To suppress acute systemic inflammation.

Nursing Diagnosis for Osteoarthritis : Risk for Injury related to decrease in bone function.

Outcomes :
Clients can maintain physical safety.

Interventions :

• Control of the patient's environment : Getting rid of the obvious dangers, reducing potential injury from falling while sleeping for example using a buffer bed, try to position the lower bed, night lighting ready to use call lights.
• Allow maximum independence and freedom to provide freedom in a safe environment, avoid the use of restrain, when patients daydreaming distract rather than startled.

Rationale :

• Hazard-free environment that will reduce the risk of injury and relieve families of the constant concerns.
• This will give the patient autonomy, can restrain the increase of agitation, if the shock will increase anxiety.

Nursing Care Plan for Osteoarthritis

Pain (acute / chronic) related to tissue distension by accumulation of fluid / inflammation, joint destruction.

Outocomes :

• Showed pain control.
• The client looks relaxed, can sleep / rest and participate in activities.
• Following therapy program.
• Combining the skills of relaxation and entertainment activities into the program of pain control.

Interventions :

1. Assess complaints of pain, note the location and intensity of pain (scale 0-10), note the factors that accelerate and signs of pain.
2. Give a hard mattress, small pillows. Elevate the bed linens as needed.
3. Let the patient take a comfortable position when sleeping or sitting in a chair. Increase bed rest as indicated.
4. Encourage patients to frequently change positions. Help the patient to move in bed, prop sore joints above and below, avoid jerky movements.
5. Encourage patients to a warm bath or shower to wake-up time. Provide a warm washcloth to compress the affected joints several times a day. Monitor the temperature of the water compresses , water bath.
6. Give a gentle massage.
7. Collaboration : Give medication before activity or exercise that is planned according to the instructions as acetyl salicylate.

Rationale :

1. Assist in determining the need for and effectiveness of pain management programs.
2. Soft mattress, great pillows will prevent the maintenance of proper body alignment, placing setres the diseased joints. Elevation of the bed linens pressure on inflamed joints / pain.
3. In severe disease, bed rest may be necessary to limit joint pain or injury.
4. Preventing the occurrence of general fatigue and joint stiffness. Stabilize the joint, reduce movement / pain in the joints.
5. Heat increases muscle relaxation and mobility, decrease pain and stiffness in the morning release. The sensitivity of the heat can be removed and dermal wounds can be healed.
6. Increasing relaxation / reduce muscle tension.
7. Increase relaxation, reduce muscle tension, ease to participate in therapy.

Nursing Care plan for Hypertensive Heart Disease

Nursing Diagnosis : Acute Pain : headache related to an increase in cerebral vascular pressure.

Goal : Pain is reduced

Outcomes :

• Client reported pain / discomfort disappeared / controlled.

Interventions :

1. Maintaining bed rest during the acute phase.
2. Give non-pharmacological measures to relieve headaches, for example; cold compress on the forehead, back and neck massage, a quiet, dim room light, relaxation techniques (imagination, distraction ) and leisure time activities.
3. Eliminate / minimize vasoconstriction activity that can improve headaches, for example; straining during defecation, coughing and bending length.
4. Assist patients in ambulation as needed.
5. Give liquids, soft foods, regular oral care in case of nose bleeds or compress the nose has been done to stop the bleeding.
6. Collaboration of drugs ; analgesic, anti- anxiety.

Rationale : 

1. Minimizing stimulation / increase relaxation.
2. Actions that decreases cerebral vascular pressure and the slow / block the sympathetic response is effective in relieving headaches and complications.
3. Activities that increase vasoconstriction cause headaches in an increase in cerebral vascular pressure.
4. Dizziness and blurred vision often associated with headache, patients may also experience episodes of postural hypotension.
5. Increase the general comfort, compress the nose may interfere with the ingestion or require breathing with the mouth, causing stagnation and drying oral secretions of mucous membranes.
6. Lose / control pain and decrease the sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
7. Can reduce tension and discomfort aggravated by stress.

Nursing Diagnosis for Hypertensive Heart Disease : Activity Intolerance related to general weakness, imbalance between supply and demand of oxygen.

Goal : The client is able to perform the activity is tolerated.

Outcomes :

• Participate in activities desired / required.
• Reported an increase in tolerance activity can be measured.
• Showed a decrease in physiological signs of intolerance.

Interventions :

1. Assess the client's response to the activity, attention pulse frequency more than 20 times per minute above the break frequency ; significant increase in BP during / after activity, dyspnea, chest pain ; excessive fatigue and weakness ; diaphoresis ; dizziness or fainting.
2. Instructed the patient on energy saving techniques, eg ; using the bath seat, sit while combing hair or brushing teeth, doing activities slowly.
3. Suggest to do the activity / self- phased treatment if tolerated, provide assistance as needed.

Rationale :

1. Mention parameters help in assessing the physiological response to stress and activity when there is an indicator of excess work -related activity levels.
2. Energy saving techniques also help reduce the presence of a balance between energy supply and oxygen demand.
3. Activity progress gradually to prevent sudden increase in cardiac work, provide only limited assistance will need to encourage independence in performing activities.

Nursing Care Plan for Hypertensive Heart Disease
Nursing Diagnosis : Risk for Decrease Cardiac Output related to increased afterload, vasoconstriction, myocardial ischemia, ventricular hypertrophy.

Goal : Want to participate in activities that lower blood pressure / cardiac workload.

Outcomes :

• Blood pressure within an acceptable range of individuals.
• Rhythm and heart rate stabilized in the normal range.

Interventions :

1. Monitor vital signs.
2. Note the presence, quality central and peripheral pulses.
3. Heart tone auscultation, and breath sounds.
4. Observe skin color, moisture, temperature, and capillary refill time.
5. Note the general edema / certain.
6. Provide a quiet and comfortable environment, reduce the activity / environment commotion, limit the number of visitors and length of stay.
7. Maintain restrictions on activities such as rest in bed / chair ; schedule uninterrupted rest period ; help patients perform self-care as needed.
8. Perform actions as comfortable as back and neck massage, tilt the head of the bed.
9. Encourage relaxation techniques, imagination guide, transfer activity.
10. Monitor response to medication to control blood pressure.

Rationale :

1. Comparison of blood pressure gives a more complete picture of the involvement / field of vascular problems.
2. Throbbing carotid, jugular, radial and femolaris probably observed / palpable. Pulse in the limbs may decrease, reflecting the effect of vasoconstriction (increased SVR) and venous congestion.
3. S4 is commonly heard in patients with severe hypertension due to an increase in atrium volume / pressure. S3 shows the development of ventricular hypertrophy and malfunction, the presence of crackles, wheezes may indicate pulmonary congestion secondary to the onset or chronic renal failure.
4. The presence of pale, cool, moist skin and slow capillary refill time may be related to vasoconstriction or reflect decompensation / decrease in cardiac output.
5. May indicate heart failure, kidney or vascular damage.
6. Helps to reduce sympathetic stimulation ; increase relaxation .
7. Lowering stress and tension which affects blood pressure and hypertensive disease course.
8. Reduce discomfort and can reduce sympathetic stimulation.
9. Can reduce stressful stimuli, making a calming effect, thus reducing BP.
10. Response to drug therapy "stepeed" (consisting of diuretics, sympathetic inhibitors and vasodilators) depends on the individual and synergistic effects of the drug, because of these side effects, it is important to use the drug in the fewest number and lowest doses.

Nursing Care Plan for Epilepsy (Seizures)

Nursing Diagnosis : Low Self-Esteem / personal identity related to stigma in terms of conditions, perceptions about uncontrolled.

characterized by expression of a lifestyle change, fear of rejection ; negative feelings about the body.

Goal : Identify feelings and methods for coping with negative self- perception.

Interventions :

1. Discuss feelings about the patient's diagnostic, self-perception of the treatment used.
Rationale : Reactions have varied between individuals and knowledge / experience with the disease early will affect reception.

2. Suggest to reveal / feelings.
Rationale : The complaint was afraid , angry , and very attentive to the implications in the future could affect the patient to accept the situation.

3. Identify / anticipate possible reactions of people on the state of the disease. Encourage clients to not conceal the problem.
rationale : Provide an opportunity to respond to the problem-solving process and provide measures to control the situation.

4. Assess with the patient about the results that have been obtained or will be achieved more and strengths.
Rationale : Focusing on the positive aspects can help to relieve feelings of failure or self -consciousness and shape of the patient from receiving handler to illness.

5. Determine the attitude / skills of people nearby. Help realize these feelings are normal, while feeling guilty and blaming of itself is useless.
Rationale : Negative view of people nearby can affect the sense of ability / self-worth clients and reduce the support received from the closest people who have a risk limit optimal handling.

6. Emphasize the importance of the course to remain calm during a seizure.
Rationale : Anxiety of caregivers is creeping up on the patient and when to increase the negative perception of the state of the environment / themselves.

Nursing Care Plan for Epilepsy (Seizures)


Nursing Diagnosis for Epilepsy (Seizures) : Risk for Injury related to changes in consciousness, cognitive damage, seizures or damages for personal protection.

Goal : Reduce the risk of injury to patients.

Interventions :

1. Assess the characteristics of seizures.
Rationale : To find out how much the level of seizures experienced by patients that provide interventions work better.

2. Keep away from sharp objects / harm for the patient.
Rationale : Sharps can injure and physically injure the patient.

3. Enter the tongue spatula / artificial airway or soft object rolls as indicated.
Rationale : With a spatula put the tongue between the upper jaw and lower jaw, then the risk of the patient biting his tongue does not occur and the patient's airway becomes smoother.

4. Collaboration in the provision of anti-seizure medications.
Rationale : Anti- seizure drugs can reduce the degree of strain experienced patients, so the risk for injury was reduced.


Nursing Diagnosis for Epilepsy (Seizures) : Knowledge Deficit : family on the course of disease processes related to the lack of information.

Goal : Increased knowledge of the family , the family understand the disease process of epilepsy, family, clients do not ask more about the disease, treatment and condition of the client.

Interventions

1. Assess client's level of family education.
Rationale : Education is one of the determinants of a person's level of knowledge/

2. Assess knowledge level of client family.
Rationale : To find out how much information they already know, so that knowledge will be given in accordance with the needs of the family.

3. Explain to the client's family about the disease through counseling febrile seizures.
Rationale : To increase knowledge.

4. Give a chance to ask the family not yet understood.
Rationale : To find out how much information is already understood.

5. Involve the family in every action on the client.
rationale : Family in order to provide proper treatment if a client had a seizure the next time.

Nursing Care Plan for Epilepsy (Seizures)

Nursing Diagnosis for Epilepsy (Seizures) : Ineffective breathing pattern related to neuromuscular damage, increased mucus secretion

Goal : Maintain effective breathing pattern with a patent airway.

Interventions :

1. Encourage clients to vacate the mouth of objects / substances specified / dentures or other devices if the aura phase occurs and to avoid jaw shut if seizures occur without marked symptoms of early.
Rationale : Lowering the risk of aspiration or the entry of foreign objects into the pharynx.

2. Place the client in a position incline, flat surface, tilt the head during a seizure attack.
Rationale : Increase the flow (drainage) secret, preventing the tongue falls to clog the airway.

3. Remove clothing in the area of the neck, chest, and abdomen.
Rationale : To facilitate the effort to breathe.

4. Enter the tongue spatula / artificial airway or soft object rolls as indicated.
Rationale : Prevent being bitten tongue and facilitate during a suction mucus. Artificial airway may be indicated after the easing of seizure activity if the patient is unconscious and can not maintain a safe position of the tongue.

5. Do suction mucus as indicated.
Rationale : Lowering the risk of aspiration or asphyxia.

6. Give supplemental oxygen / ventilation manually as needed on postictal phase.
Rationale : Cerebral hypoxia may decrease as a result of decreased circulation or oxygen secondary to vascular spasm during seizures.

7. Prepare / aids to intubation if indicated.
Rationale : The emergence of prolonged apnea in postictal phase requiring mechanical ventilator support.

Assessment

1. Activity / Rest
Symptoms : Insomnia, increased sensitivity ; muscle weakness, impaired coordination ; Severe fatigue.
Signs : muscle atrophy.

2. Circulation
Symptoms : Palpitations, chest pain (angina).
Signs : dysrhythmias (atrial fibrillation), gallop rhythm, murmurs ; Increased blood pressure with a heavy tone pressure, tachycardia ; Circulatory collapse, shock (crisis thyrotoxicosis)

3· Ego Integrity
Symptoms : Experiencing severe stress both emotionally and physically.
Signs : Emotions labile (euphoria moderate to delirium), depression.


Physical Examination (ROS : Review of Systems)

1. Respiratory B1 (breath)
circulatory collapse, shock (crisis thyrotoxicosis), increased respiratory rate, dyspnea, and pulmonary edema.

2. Cardiovascular B2 (blood)
Hypertension, arrhythmia, palpitations, heart failure, lymphocytosis, anemia, splenomegaly, enlarged neck.

3. Nerves B3 (Brain)
Rapid and guttural speech, impaired mental status and behavior, such as confusion, disorientation, anxiety, sensitive excitatory, delirium, psychosis, stupor, coma, tremors smooth on hands, without purpose, some parts jerky, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes.

4. Urinary B4 (bladder)
Oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, down libido, infertility, gynekomastia.

5. Digestive B5 (bowel)
Sudden weight loss, increased appetite, eat a lot, eat often, thirst, nausea and vomiting.

6. Musculoskeletal / integument B6 (bone)
Weakness, fatigue.


Nursing Diagnosis for Hyperthyroidism

Nursing Diagnosis : Hyperthermia related to inflammatory processes.

Goal : Normal body temperature.

Outcomes :

• No signs of dehydration,
• Lips moist.

Intervention :
1. Give warm water compress as needed.
R / : Can help decrease heat experienced by the patient.

2. Encourage clients to use clothes that can absorb sweat.
R / : Due to the humid conditions of the body triggers the growth of fungi that cause risk of complications.

3. Maintain a cool environment.
R / : To help maintain the body temperature of the patient to be in a normal state.

4. Collaboration with the medical team in drug delivery.
R / : Helps reduce body temperature of the patient.


Nursing Diagnosis : Imbalanced nutrition : less than body requirements related to the inability to absorb nutrients.

Goal : Nutritional needs fulfilled.

Outcomes :

• Return to normal eating,
• Normal weight,
• Normal laboratory examination,
• Showed no signs of malnutrition,
• Not nausea,
• Not vomiting.

Intervention :
1. Supervise dietary supply, give eat little but often.
R / : To avoid nausea and vomiting and nutritional needs of patients.

2. Encourage the patient to eat little but often.
R / : Increased appetite.

3. Provide information about the importance of nutrition for the body.
R / : Improving patients' knowledge about nutrition.

4. Collaboration with the medical team in drug delivery.
R / : To provide appropriate therapy for patients.

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which an overactive thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones that circulate in the blood . Thyrotoxicosis is a toxic condition caused by an excess of thyroid hormones from any cause. Thyrotoxicosis can be caused by an excessive intake of thyroid hormones or by the production of thyroid hormones excess by the thyroid gland.

Thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland which is usually followed by symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The disease is more common in women after childbirth, a few months later the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Most will recover back to normal thyroid.

The thyroid is regulated by another gland located in the brain, called the pituitary. In turn, the pituitary is regulated in part by thyroid hormone that is circulating in the blood (a feedback effect of thyroid hormones on the pituitary gland) and partly by another gland called the hypothalamus, is also a part of the brain.

The hypothalamus releases a hormone called thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), which sends a signal to the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In turn, TSH sends a signal to the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. If the excessive activity of whichever of these three glands occurs, an amount of thyroid hormones excess can be generated, thus resulting in hyperthyroidism.

Number or rate of thyroid hormone production is controlled by the pituitary gland. If there is no sufficient amount of thyroid hormone circulating in the body to allow for normal functioning, the release of TSH, enhanced by the pituitary in an attempt to stimulate the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone. Conversely, when there is an excessive amount of circulating thyroid hormone, the pituitary release of TSH reduced when trying to reduce the production of thyroid hormones.


Some diseases that cause hyperthyroidism are:

a) Graves' Disease
The disease is caused by an overactive thyroid gland and is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism encountered. The disease is usually derived. Women 5 times more often than men. Suspected cause is an autoimmune disease, in which antibodies are found in the blood circulation, namely thyroid stimulating.
Immunoglobulin (TSI antibodies), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO) and thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb). The originators of this disorder is stress, smoking, radiation, eye and skin disorders, blurred vision, sensitive to light, feels like there is sand in the eyes, the eyes may protrude up to double vision. This eye disease often runs itself and does not depend on the high / low thyroid hormone. Skin disorders cause the skin to be red, loss of pain, and sweating a lot.

b) Toxic Nodular Goiter
Lump in the neck due to enlargement of the thyroid in the form of solid grains, can be one or many. The word "toxic" means hyperthyroidism, whereas nodules or seeds that are not controlled by TSH, thus producing excessive thyroid hormone.

c) Drinking excessive thyroid hormone medication.
Drinking thyroid hormone with the aim of lowering the body until the side effects.

d) Production of abnormal TSH.
Pituitary TSH production can produce excessive TSH, which stimulates the thyroid issue that a lot of T3 and T4.

e) Thyroiditis (inflammation of thyroid gland).
Thyroiditis often occurs in women after childbirth, postpartum thyroiditis is called, where a complaint arises in the initial phase of hyperthyroidism, 2-3 months then quit hpotiroid symptoms.

f) Excessive iodine consumption.
When excessive consumption can cause hyperthyroidism, this disorder usually occurs when the patient previously had been no abnormalities of the thyroid gland.


In the mild stage often without complaint. Similarly, in older people, more than 70 years, the typical symptoms are often not apparent. Depending on the severity of hyperthyroidism, then a complaint can be mild to severe.

Complaints that often arise include:

• Anxiety, insomnia, and a fine tremor.
• Weight loss despite a good appetite.
• Heat intolerance and a lot of sweat.
• Palpitations, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure, which may occur as a result of the effects of thyroxine on myocardial cells.
• Amenorrhoea and infertility.
• Muscle weakness, especially in limb circumference (proximal myopathy).
• Osteoporosis with bone pain.

Nursing Diagnosis for Hyperthyroidism

1. Hyperthermia related to inflammatory processes.
2. Imbalanced nutrition : less than body requirements related to the inability to absorb nutrients.
3. Activity intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.
4. Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to respiratory muscle fatigue.