List of Nursing Diagnosis

Causes of Constipation In Pregnancy

1. Increased Progesterone.
Progesterone plays a role in the process of relaxation of the smooth muscle work. Increased hormone (progesterone), resulting in movement or mobility of the digestive organs become relaxed or be slow. As a result, the process so much longer gastric emptying and transit time of food in the stomach increases. In addition, intestinal peristalsis (intestinal massage, one of the activities of digesting food) also slowed down so that the thrust and contraction of the intestines to weaken the leftovers. As a result, food waste accumulates in the colon longer and difficult to remove.

2. Pressure rectum.
The growing pregnant belly, also advanced impact, namely the rectum (the lower part of the colon) depressed. The pressure makes the feces becomes smooth, so that constipation occurs.

3. Enlarged abdomen. 
Maternal abdominal swelling , causing the pressure of the uterus on the pelvic veins and inferior vena cava (a large vein on the right side of the body, which receives blood flow from the lower body). Pressure was increasingly affect the working system of the small intestine and colon. That is why, constipation often occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy, when belly bigger.

4. Less fiber.
Body needs fiber for the digestive system. Facilitate fiber intake work in breaking down food digestion, to remove feces or dirt. In a normal person once, lack of fiber can cause constipation. Moreover, in pregnant women is a special condition.

5. Not exercising.
Exercise makes the body healthy and launch a process of metabolism in the body. Exercising on a regular basis, for example, walking or swimming, will stimulate the muscles of the stomach and intestines, one of them, triggering intestinal peristalsis, thereby preventing constipation.

6. Consuming iron. 
Consumption of high doses of iron, for example, from supplements, took part in causing constipation.

Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia


Nursing Diagnosis 1. Ineffective Airway Clearance related to excessive secretions secondary to infection.

Goal : demonstrate a patent airway with breath sounds clean.

Interventions :
1. Assess the frequency / depth of breathing and chest movement.
Rationale : tachypnea , shallow breathing and chest movement is not symmetrical movements often occur due to discomfort or chest wall and the lung fluid.

2. Auscultation of the lung area, note areas of decreased / no air flow and breath sounds crackles.
Rationale : reduction in air flow occurs in the area of ​​consolidation with fluid, crackles audible in response to fluid collection, secret.

3. Provide warm water rather than cold water.
Rationale : warm fluid mobilizing and removing secret.

4. Collaboration of mucolytic , expectorant.
Rationale : helps reduce bronchospasm with secret mobilization.



Nursing Diagnosis 2. Acute Pain related to inflammation of the lung parenchyma.

Goal : pain diminished or disappeared.
Interventions :
1. Determine the characteristics of the pain, ie sharp, stabbed, constant.
Rationale : Chest pain is usually present in some degree in pneumonia, a complication of pneumonia can also occur as pericarditis and endocarditis.

2. Monitor vital signs.
Rationale : changes in heart rate or BP indicates that the patient is experiencing pain.

3. Provide convenient measures, such as : relaxation, massage your back.
Rationale : non- analgesic action is given with a gentle touch can eliminate the discomfort and increase the therapeutic effect of analgesics.

4. Collaboration in analgesic administration.
Rationale : expected to help reduce pain.



Nursing Diagnosis 3. Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to excessive secretion secondary to infection.

Goal : maintain adequate ventilation.

Interventions :
1. Assess the frequency, depth of breathing.
Rationale : tachypnea, shallow breathing often occurs due to discomfort or movement of the chest wall and the lung fluid.

2. Auscultation of breath sounds.
Rationale : indicates the occurrence of complications (additional sound indicates the presence of fluid accumulation / secretion).

3. Monitor vital signs.
Rationale : continuous vital sign abnormalities requiring further evaluation.

4. Collaboration of O2 as indicated.
Rationale : maintain PaO 2 above 60 mmHg.



Nursing Diagnosis 4. Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to decreased appetite secondary to nausea and vomiting.

Goal : show increased appetite .

Intrervention :
1. Identification of factors that cause nausea and vomiting.
Rationale : the choice of intervention depends on the causes of the problem.

2. Auscultation of bowel sounds.
Rationale : bowel sounds may be reduced / no if the infection is severe / elongated.

3. Feed small portions but frequently , including food attractive to patients.
Rationale : This action can increase appetite though slow to return.

4. Collaboration of antiemetics.
Rationale : expected to prevent vomiting.



Nursing Diagnosis 5. Activity Intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.

Goal : show increased tolerance to activity.

Interventions :
1. Evaluation of the patient's response to the activity.
Rationale : define needs and facilitate patient choice of intervention.

2. Provide quiet environment and limit visitors during the acute phase as indicated.
Rationale : reduce stress and excessive stimulation , increasing the break.

3. Help needed self-care activities.
Rationale : minimize fatigue and help balance supply and oxygen demand.



Nursing Diagnosis 6. Hyperthermia related to inflammatory lung parenchyma.

Goal : maintain the temperature within normal limits.

Interventions :
1. Monitor the patient's temperature.
Rationale : temperature 38.9 ° C - 41.1 ° C showed an acute infectious disease process.

2 . Give compress warm bath.
Rationale : can help reduce fever.

3. Collaboration of antipyretics.
Rationale : expected to help reduce fever by central action on the hypothalamus.



Nursing Diagnosis 7. Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to frequent waking tehadap secondary respiratory disorders, cough.

Goal : Sleep patterns of patients adequately.

Interventions :
1. Determine usually sleeping habits and changes that occur.
Rationale : the need to assess and identify appropriate interventions.

2. Give a comfortable bed.
Rationale : improve sleep comfort and psychological support.

3. Instruct relaxation action.
Rationale : to help induce sleep.

4. Provide a comfortable position, aids in changing positions.
Rationale : changing the position of the pressure change and improve rest area.


Nursing Diagnosis 8. Risk for Fluid Volume Deficits related to excessive fluid loss from vomiting.

Goal : demonstrate adequate fluid volume.

Interventions :
1. Assess changes in vital signs.
Rationale : the increase in temperature increases the metabolic rate and fluid loss through evaporation.

2. skin turgor , mucous membrane moisture.
Rationale : a direct indicator of the strength of the liquid volume.

3. Make a note of the report of nausea and vomiting.
Rationale : the presence of these symptoms indicate oral input.

4. Collaboration of antipyretics, antiemetics.
Rationale : useful decrease fluid loss.

Nursing Care Plan for Pneumonia

Definition

Pneumonia is a breathing condition in which there is an infection of the lung. Pneumonia is a common lung infection caused by bacteria, a virus or fungi.


Causes

Pneumonia can be caused by many types of germs.

• The most common type of bacterium is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus).
• Viruses, such as the flu virus, are also a common cause of pneumonia.
• The bacterium called Pneumocystis jiroveci can cause pneumonia in people whose immune system is not working well.
• Atypical pneumonia, often called walking pneumonia, is caused by other bacteria.

Risk Factors

• Chronic lung disease (bronchiectasis, COPD, cystic fibrosis).
• Dementia, brain injury, cerebral palsy, stroke or other brain disorders.
• Cigarette smoking.
• Recent surgery or trauma.
• Immune system problem (during cancer treatment, or due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, or other diseases).
• Surgery to treat cancer of the neck, mouth, or throat.
• Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus or liver cirrhosis.

Symptoms

• Fever.
• Chest pain that often feels worse when you cough or breathe in.
• Cough. You will likely cough up mucus (sputum) from your lungs. Mucus may be rusty or green or tinged with blood.
• Fast breathing and feeling short of breath.
• Fast heartbeat.
• Shaking and "teeth-chattering" chills.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Feeling very tired or very weak.
• Diarrhea.

Nursing Diagnosis related to Pneumonia

1. Ineffective Airway Clearance related to excessive secretions secondary to infection.
Characterized by :

• Patients complained of cough sputum mixed,
• Patients seem a cough productive of sputum,
• Physical examination : percussion dullness, inspiratory rales, crackles loudly.

2. Acute Pain related to inflammation of the lung parenchyma.
Characterized by :

• The patient complains of chest pain,
• Looks grimacing,
• Examination of vital signs : increased pulse (tachycardia).

3. Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to excessive secretion secondary to infection.
Characterized by :

• Patients complain of difficulty breathing, shortness Looks,
• Examination of vital signs : respiration decreases,
• Physical examination : use of accessory muscles, bronchial breath sounds.

4. Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to decreased appetite secondary to nausea and vomiting.
Characterized by :

• Patients complained of nausea, loss of appetite and vomiting.

5. Activity Intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.
Characterized by :

• Patients complain of fatigue, difficulty breathing, looking weak, congested,
• Examination of vital signs : respiration decreases.

6. Hyperthermia related to inflammatory lung parenchyma.
Characterized by :

• Patients say the body heat,
• Looks chills,
• Examination of vital signs : temperature rise.

7. Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to frequent waking tehadap secondary respiratory disorders, cough.
Characterized by :
Patients say often wake up at night because of difficulty breathing and coughing, looked tired.

8. Risk for Fluid Volume Deficits related to excessive fluid loss from vomiting.

Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Hypoglycemia

Ineffective Airway Clearance related to airway obstruction / increase in tracheobronchial secretions.

Defining characteristics :

• Dyspnoea.
• Orthopnea.
• Cyanosis.
• Crackles / crepitations.
• Difficulty speaking.
• Cough is ineffective or non-existent.
• Eyes widened.
• Increased sputum production.
• Restless.
• Changes in the frequency and rhythm of breathing.

NOC :

Goal : Effective airway

Outcomes :

• Respiration Status : Patency Road Breath :
• Breath sounds clean.
• No cyanosis.
• No shortness of breath / dyspnea.
• The rhythm of breathing and respiratory rate within normal range.
• Do not feel suffocated.
• No cyanosis.
• No agitated.
• Sputum is reduced.

Respiratory Status : Ventilation

• Demonstrate effective cough.
• Breath sounds were clean.
• No cyanosis.
• No dyspnoea (able to breathe more easily).
• No pursed lips.

NIC / Intervention

Airway Suctioning :

1. Ensure suctioning needs .
2. Auscultation of breath sounds before and after suctioning.
3. Inform the client and family about suctioning.
4. Asking clients a deep breath before suctioning.
5. Give oxygen by nasal cannula to facilitate nasotracheal suctioning.
6. Use sterile equipment every action.
7. Encourage clients a deep breath and rest after the catheter is removed from the nasotracheal.
8. Monitor the status of the client oxygen.
9. Stop suction when the client showed bradycardia.

Airway Management :

1. Open the airway, use techniques chin lift or jaw thrust if necessary.
2. Position the client to maximize ventilation.
3. Identification of the need for client installation artificial airway.
4. Attach the OPA if necessary.
5. Perform chest physiotherapy if necessary.
6. Remove secretions by coughing or suctioning.
7. Auscultation of breath sounds, note the presence of additional noise.
8. Collaboration of bronchodilators if necessary.
9. Monitor respiration and oxygen status.

Cough Enhancement :

1. Monitor lung function, vital capacity, and maximal inspiration.
2. Encourage the patient to do deep breathing, coughing arrested last 2 seconds 2-3 times.
3. Encourage clients a deep breath several times, released slowly and cough at the end of expiration.

Oxygen Therapy :

1. Clean the secret in the mouth, nose and trachea / throat.
2. Maintain airway patency.
3. Explain to the client / family about the importance of giving oxygen.
4. Give oxygen as needed.
5. Select the appropriate equipment needs : nasal cannula 1-3 l / min, head box 5-10 l / min , etc..
6. Monitor O2 flow.
7. Monitor O2 hose.
8. Periodically check the O2 hose, humidifier, O2 flow.
9. Observation O2 deficiency signs : restlessness, cyanosis, etc..
10. Monitor signs of poisoning O2.
11. Maintain O2 during transport.
12. Instruct client / family to observe the O2 supply, water humidifier, if the report finished guard.

Adjusting the position

• Adjust the position of the patient semi-Fowler , head extension .
• Tilt the head when vomiting .

Cchest Physiotherapy

1. Determine the presence of contraindications chest physiotherapy .
2. Determine lung segments that require chest physiotherapy .
3. Position the client with lung segments which require drainage placed higher .
4. Use a pillow to help position the head .
5. Combine techniques posturnal percussion and drainage .
6. Combine fibrasi and posturnal drainage techniques .
7. Manage inhalation therapy .
8. Manage administration of a bronchodilator , mucolytics .
9. Monitor and type of sputum .
10. Encourage coughing before and after posturnal drainage .

Nursing Care Plan for Diabetes Mellitus

Nursing Diagnosis : Acute Pain related to injury of biological agents (decreased peripheral tissue perfusion)

NOC :

• level of pain
• pain controlled
• level of comfort

Clients can :
1 Controlling pain, with indicators :

• Know the factors that cause.
• Know the onset of pain.
• Non-pharmacological aid measures.
• Analgesic use.
• Reported pain symptoms to the health care team.
• Pain controlled.

2. Shows the level of pain, the indicator :

• Reported pain.
• Frequency of pain.
• The duration of pain episodes.
• The expression of pain ; face.
• Changes in respiration rate.
• Changes in blood pressure.
• Loss of appetite.

Interventions (NIC)

Pain Management :

• Perform a comprehensive pain assessment includes the location, characteristics, duration, frequency , quality and ontro precipitation.
• Observation of nonverbal reactions of discomfort.
• Use therapeutic communication techniques to determine the client's experience of pain before.
• Environmental controls that affect pain such as room temperature, lighting, noise.
• Reduce pain ontro precipitation.
• Choose and pain management (pharmacological / non- pharmacological).
• Teach non- pharmacological techniques ( relaxation , distraction, etc.) to mengetasi pain.
• Give analgesics to reduce pain.
• Evaluation of pain -reducing action / ontrol pain.
• Collaboration with a physician if there are complaints about the administration of analgesics to no avail.
• Monitor client acceptance of pain management.

Analgesics Administration :

• Check program providing analogetik ; the type, dosage, and frequency.
• Check history of allergy.
• Determine the analgesic of choice, the optimal route of administration and dose.
• Monitor vital signs before and after the administration of analgesics.
• Give analgesic especially timely when the pain arises.
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of analgesics, signs and symptoms of side effects.

Nursing Care Plan for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia


Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) also called acute lymphocytic leukemia or acute lymphoid leukemia is a malignant (clonal) disease of the bone marrow in which early lymphoid precursors proliferate and replace the normal hematopoietic cells of the marrow.

Causes

• Most of the time, no clear cause can be found. But the following may play a role in the development of leukemia in general:
• Certain chromosome problems
• Past treatment with chemotherapy drugs
• Exposure to radiation, including x-rays before birth
• Toxins, such as benzene
• Receiving a bone marrow transplant

Signs and symptoms

• Fever
• Bone and joint pain
• Feeling weak or tired
• Easy bruising and bleeding (such as bleeding gums, skin bleeding, nosebleeds, abnormal periods)
• Pain or feeling of fullness below the ribs
• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Paleness
• Swollen glands (lymphadenopathy) in the neck, under arms, and groin
• Night sweats
• Pinpoint red spots on the skin (petechiae)

Nursing Diagnosis for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia : Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to fluid restriction, diet, and the loss of protein.

Definition : Intake of nutrients is not sufficient for the purposes of the body's metabolism.

Defining characteristics :

• Weight 20 % or more below the ideal.
• Reports of food intake less than RDA (Recomended Daily Allowance)
• Pale mucous membranes and conjunctiva.
• Weakness of the muscles used for swallowing / chewing.
• Wounds, inflammation of the oral cavity.
• Easy to feel full , shortly after the chewing of food.
• Reported or the fact that there is a shortage of food.
• Reported a change in taste sensation.
• The feeling of inability to chew food.
• Misconceptions.
• Losing weight with enough food.
• Reluctance to eat.
• Cramps in the abdomen.
• Poor muscle tone.
• Abdominal pain with or without pathology.
• Less interested in food.
• Fragile capillary vessels.
• Diarrhea and or steatorrhea.
• Hair loss is quite a lot (loss).
• Hyperactive bowel sounds.
• Lack of information, misinformation.

Related factors :

• Inability to enter or digest food or absorb nutrients associated with biological factors, psychological or economic.

NOC :
Nutritional status : food and Fluid Intake

Outcomes :

• An increase in body weight in accordance with the purpose.
• Ideal weight according to height.
• Being able to identify nutritional needs.
• No signs of malnutrition.
• Weight loss does not happen that means.

NIC :

Nutrition Management

• Assess the food allergy.
• Collaboration with a nutritionist to determine the amount of calories and nutrients needed by the patient.
• Instruct the patient to increase the intake of Fe.
• Instruct the patient to increase the protein and vitamin C.
• Give the substance of sugar.
• Make sure the diet contains high fiber eaten to prevent constipation.
• Give foods elected (already consulted with a nutritionist).
• Teach patients how to make food diaries.
• Monitor the amount of nutrients and calories.
• Provide information about nutritional needs.

Nutrition Monitoring

• Patient's weight within normal limits.
• Monitor change in body weight.
• Monitor the type and amount of regular activity.
• Monitor interaction between children or parents during meals.
• Monitor the environment for eating.
• Schedule of treatment and no action during a meal.
• Monitor dry skin and pigmentation changes.
• Monitor skin turgor.
• Monitor dryness, dull hair, and brittle.
• Monitor nausea and vomiting.
• Monitor levels of albumin, total protein, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels.
• Monitor food preferences.
• Monitor growth and development.
• Monitor pale, redness, and dryness of the conjunctiva tissue.
• Monitor and calorie intake nuntrisi.
• Note the presence of edema, hyperaemic, hypertonic papillae of the tongue and oral cavity.
• Note if the tongue magenta, scarlet.
• Assess the patient's ability to get needed nutrients.

Nursing Care Plan for Schizophrenia

Nursing Diagnosis :
Social isolation related to low self-esteem

General objectives

• Clients can engage social, gradually

Specific objectives 1.

• Clients can build a trusting relationship.

Outcomes :

• The client can express his feelings.
• Friendly facial expression.
• There is eye contact.
• Show some love.
• Want to shake hands.
• Want to reply greetings.
• Clients want to sit side by side.
• Clients want to express the problems encountered.

Interventions :

• Develop a relationship of mutual trust :

• ·Greet clients friendly, both verbally and nonverbally.
• · Introduce yourself politely.
• · Ask the client 's full name and preferred nickname.
• · Explain the purpose of the meeting , be honest and keep our promises.
• · Show empathy and receives the client is.
• · Pay attention to the client.

• Give a chance to express his feelings about the illness.
• Take time to listen to the client.
• Tell the client that he is a valuable and responsible and able to help themselves.

Rationale :

• Trusting relationship will lead to trust the client to the nurse that will facilitate the implementation of further action .

Specific objectives 2.

• Clients can identify the capabilities and positive aspects possessed.

Outcomes :

• Clients are able to maintain the positive aspects.

Interventions :

• Discuss capabilities and positive aspects of the client owned and reinforcement give up the ability to express feelings.
• When meeting with clients avoid giving a negative assessment.

Rationale :

• Positive reinforcement will increase the client's self-esteem.
• Prioritizing realistic compliment.

Specific objectives 3.

• Clients can assess the ability of the data used.

Outcomes :

• Clients' needs are met.
• Clients can perform purposeful activity.

Interventions :

• Discuss the ability of clients that can still be used when sick.
• Discuss also the ability that can be continued in hospital use it at home later.

Rationale :

• Improved client capabilities will encourage the client to an Independent.

Specific objectives 4.

• Clients can define and plan activities according to ability.

Outcomes :

• Clients are able to move according to ability.

Intervention :

• Plan with client activity to do each day according to ability, independent activities, activities with minimal assistance , the activities with the help of the total.
• Increase activity as tolerated client client's condition.
• Give an example of how to implement the activities the client should do (often clients are afraid to carry it out).

Rationale :

• Implementation activities independently into the initial capital to boost self-esteem.

Specific objectives 5.

• Clients can perform activities in accordance with the conditions of pain and ability.

Outcomes :

• Clients are able to move according to ability.

Interventions:

• Give the client the opportunity to try activities that have been planned.
• Give praise to the efforts and success of the client.
• Discuss the possibility of implementation at home.

Rationale :

• Through the activity, the client will know the capabilities.

Specific objectives 6.

• Clients can take advantage of existing support systems.

Outcomes :

• Clients are able to do what has been taught.
• Clients want to provide support.

Interventions :

• Give health education to families about how to care for clients with social isolation and low self esteem.
• Help provide support for the family of the client being treated.
• Help families prepare a home environment.

Rationale :

• Attention families and family understanding will help improve self esteem clients.