List of Nursing Diagnosis

Wednesday, December 10, 2014

Acute Pain - Nursing Care Plan for Acute Coronary Syndrome

smgpbg Acute Coronary Syndrome , Acute Pain

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of conditions due to decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries such that part of the heart muscle is unable to function properly or dies. The most common symptom is chest pain, often radiating to the left arm or angle of the jaw, pressure-like in character, and associated with nausea and sweating. Acute coronary syndrome usually occurs as a result of one of three problems: ST elevation myocardial infarction (30%), non ST elevation myocardial infarction (25%), or unstable angina (38%).

Nursing Care Plan for Acute Coronary Syndrome

Nursing Diagnosis : Acute Pain related to tissue ischemia secondary to coronary artery occlusion.

Goal: pain experienced by the patient can be reduced.

Expected outcomes:

The client states chest pain is gone / controlled.
The client can demonstrate relaxation techniques.
The client may indicate reduced tension, relaxed and easy to move.

Nursing Interventions:

1. Provide a comfortable environment, calm, and give slow activity.
R /: Lowering external stimuli in which anxiety and heart strain and limited coping skills and decisions on the current situation.

2. Assist the client in relaxation techniques such deep breaths / slowly, distraction, visuallisasi, guidance imagination.
R /: Helps in reducing the pain response.

3. Provide supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula or mask as indicated.
R /: Increase the amount of oxygen available for the use of the myocardium and also reduces discomfort with respect to tissue ischemia.

4. Give the drug as indicated.
R /: To control pain and increase peace of patients to the healing process runs smoothly.

Activity Intolerance and Altered Tissue Perfusion r/t Leukemia

smgpbg Activity Intolerance , Activity Intolerance and Altered Tissue Perfusion r/t Leukemia

Nursing Care Plan for Leukemia

Nursing Diagnosis for Leukemia : Activity Intolerance related to general weakness, increased metabolic rate.

Goal:
The client is able to tolerate the activity.

Expected outcomes:

Increased tolerance activity can be measured.
Participate in activities that can be measured.
Shows signs of physiological decline intolerant.

Nursing Intervention:

Evaluation reports weakness, note the inability to participate in activities.
Implementation of energy saving techniques.
Schedule eat about chemotherapy.

Collaboration:

Give supplemental O2.

Nursing Diagnosis for Leukemia : Altered Tissue Perfusion related to cessation of blood flow, secondary; destruction of human existence.

Goal:
Adequate perfusion.

Expected outcomes:

Balanced inputs and outputs.
Urine output of 30 mL / h.
Capillary refill less than 2 seconds.
Stable vital signs.
Strong peripheral pulses palpable.

Nursing Intervention:

Monitor vital signs.
Assess the skin to the cold, pale, humidity, capillary refill.
Note the change in the level of consciousness.
Maintain adequate fluid intake.
Evaluation of edema.

Collaboration:

Supervise laboratory tests: blood gas analysis, AST / ALT, CPK, BUN.
Serum electrolytes, provide a replacement as indicated.
Give hypo osmolar fluid.

Pain (acute / chronic) related to Leukemia

smgpbg Leukemia , Pain (acute / chronic)

Nursing Diagnosis for Leukemia: Pain (acute / chronic) related to physical agents such as enlargement of organs / lymph nodes, bone marrow which is packed with leukemia cells: anti-leukemic treatment chemical agents.

Goal:
Pain resolved.

Expected outcomes:

Assess pain.
Monitor vital signs, notice of non-verbal instructions eg muscle tension, restlessness.
Give a quiet environment and less stressful stimuli.
Place in a comfortable position and chock joints, extremities with pillows.
Change position periodically and gentle range of motion exercises help.
Provide comfort measures.
Review the comfort of the patient's own intervention.
Evaluate and support the patient's coping mechanisms.
Suggest to do pain management techniques.
Help therapeutic activity, relaxation techniques.

Collaboration:
Monitor the state of uric acid.
Give medications as indicated.
Antianxiety agent.Pain (acute / chronic) related to Leukemia.

Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit related to Leukemia

smgpbg Leukemia , Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit

Nursing Care Plan for Leukemia

Nursing Diagnosis : Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit related to excessive loss: vomiting, bleeding, diarrhea. Decreased fluid intake: nausea, anorexia. Increased fluid requirements: fever, hypermetabolic.

Goal:
Fluid volume are met.

Expected outcomes:

Adequate fluid volume.
Mucosa moist.
Stable vital signs.
Palpable pulse.
Urine output: 30 ml / h.
Capillary refill: less than 2 seconds.
Nursing Intervention:
Monitor input / output.
Weigh weight per day.
Monitor blood pressure and heart frequency.
Evaluation tugor skin, capillary and conditions of mucous membranes.
Give fluid intake of 3-4 liters / day.
Inspection for ptekie skin, ecchymosis area, noticed bleeding gums, rust-colored blood, faeces and urine occult bleeding from the puncture invasive further.
Implementation of measures to prevent tissue injury.
Limit oral care to wash the mouth when indicated.
Give refined diet.

Collaboration:

Give IV fluids as indicated.
Supervise laboratory tests.
Give the red blood cells, platelets, clotting factors.
Maintain a central vascular access device.
Give medications as indicated.

Risk for Infection Nursing Care Plan for Leukemia

smgpbg Leukemia , Risk for Infection

Nursing Diagnosis for Leukemia: Risk for infection related to the decline in the body's defense system, the secondary; white blood cell maturation disorders, increased number of immature lymphocytes, imonosupresi, bone marrow suppression.

Goal:
The patient is free from infection.

Expected outcomes:

Normotermia.
Culture results (-).
Improved healing.

Nursing Intervention:

Place in a special room, limit visitors.
Wash hands for all personnel and visitors.
Monitor temperature, consider the relationship between the increase in temperature with chemotherapy treatment.
Prevent chills: increase fluid, give baths compress.
Suggest to frequently change position, breath and cough.
Auscultation of breath sounds, crackles, inspection secretion to change characteristics.
Inspection skin to tender, erythematous.
Inspection of oral mucous membranes.
Improve the patient's perineal hygiene.
Give uninterrupted rest period.
Suggest to increase high in protein and fluid input.
Avoid invasive procedures if possible.

Collaboration:

Give medications as indicated.
Avoid antipyretic containing aspirin.

Ineffective Breathing Pattern and Altered Urinary Elimination r/t Glomerulonephritis

smgpbg Altered Urinary Elimination , Glomerulonephritis

Nursing Care Plan for Glomerulonephritis

Nursing Diagnosis : Ineffective breathing pattern related to the inflammatory process.
characterized by : the patient complained of shortness of breath.

Expected outcomes :
Demonstrate effective breathing patterns, shortness of reduced or lost.

Intervention and Rationale :
1. Assess respiratory frequency and depth of chest expansion.
R / : Frequency of breath usually increased, dyspnea and an increase in breath work. Limited chest expansion indicates the presence of chest pain.

2. Elevate the head position and aids in changing the position.
R / : higher head position enables lung expansion and ease breathing. Changing the position of improving charging different lung segments which improves the gas diffusion.

3. Helping patients overcome fear in breathing.
R / : Fear breathe increase occurs hypoxemia.

4. Collaboration in the provision of supplemental oxygen.
R / : Maximizing breathing and lower the breath work.

Nursing Diagnosis : Altered Urinary Elimination related to capacity or bladder irritation secondary to infection.
characterized by oliguria / anuria.

Expected outcomes :
Shows the continuous flow of urine with adequate urine output for individual situation.

Interventions and Rational
1. Record the complaint urine (slight decline / cessation of urine flow suddenly)
R / : Decrease sudden flow of urine may indicate obstruction / dysfunction.

2. Observe and record the color of urine, hematuria note.
R / : Urine can be a bit pink.

3. Keep an eye on vital signs.
R / : fluid balance indicator shows the level of hydration and fluid replacement therapy effectiveness.

4. Collaboration in the administration of intravenous fluids.
R / : Helps maintain hydration / circulation adequate volume and the flow of urine.

Ineffective Tissue Perfusion related to Glomerulonephritis

Impaired Gas Exchange - Nursing Care Plan for Anaphylactic Shock

smgpbg Anaphylactic Shock , Impaired Gas Exchange

Nursing Diagnosis for Anaphylactic Shock : Impaired Gas Exchange

Anaphylactic shock is a hypersensitivity response mediated by immunoglobulin E (hypersensitivity type I) is characterized by cardiac output and arterial pressure decreased great. This is caused by the presence of an antigen-antibody reaction which arises as soon as a sensitive antigen into the circulation. Anaphylactic shock is a clinical manifestation of anaphylaxis which is a distributive shock, characterized by the presence of significant hypotension due to sudden vasodilation of the blood vessels and accompanied the collapse of blood circulation which can lead to death. Anaphylactic shock is a case of gravity, but too narrow to describe anaphylaxis as a whole, because of severe anaphylaxis can occur in the absence of hypotension, as the main symptoms of anaphylaxis with airway obstruction.

Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis vary widely. In the clinic, there are 3 types of anaphylactic reaction, namely the rapid reaction which occurs several minutes to 1 hour after exposure to the allergen; moderate reaction occurs between 1 and 24 hours after exposure to the allergen; and slow reactions occurred more than 24 hours after exposure to the allergen.

Symptoms may begin with a new prodormal symptoms become severe, but sometimes directly heavy. Based on the degree of the complaint, anaphylaxis is also divided into mild, moderate, and severe. Mild often with symptoms of peripheral tingling, warm sensation, tightness in the mouth, and throat. Can also occur nasal congestion, periorbital swelling, pruritus, sneezing, and watery eyes. Onset of symptoms started within the first 2 hours after exposure. Degrees were able to cover all the mild symptoms plus bronchospasm and airway or laryngeal edema with dyspnea, cough and wheezing. Facial redness, warm, anxiety, and itching are also common. Onset of symptoms similar to a mild reaction. The degree of weight have a very sudden onset with signs and symptoms are the same as those mentioned above with the rapid progress towards bronkospame, laryngeal edema, severe dyspnea, and cyanosis. Can be accompanied by symptoms of dysphagia, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and convulsions. Cardiac arrest and coma are rare. Death can result from respiratory failure, ventricular arrhythmias or irreversible shock.

Symptoms can occur immediately after exposure to the antigen and can occur in one or more target organs, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin, eyes, central nervous system and urinary system, and other systems. Complaints are often found in the initial phase is fear, burning in the mouth, itching of the eyes and skin, heat and tingling in the limbs, shortness, hoarseness, nausea, dizziness, fatigue and abdominal pain.

In the respiratory system occur hyperventilation, decreased pulmonary blood flow, decreased oxygen saturation, increased pulmonary pressure, respiratory failure, and a decrease in tidal volume. Upper respiratory tract can be impaired if the tongue or oropharynx involved causing stridor. Hoarse voice could even no sound at all if edema continues to deteriorate. Complete airway obstruction is the most frequent cause of death in anaphylaxis. Wheezing breath sounds occur when the lower respiratory tract is interrupted due to bronchospasm or mucosal edema. In addition, a cough, nasal congestion, and sneezing.

Nursing Care Plan for Anaphylactic Shock

Nursing Diagnosis : Impaired gas exchange related to ventilation perfusion imbalance.
characterized by: shortness of breath, tachycardia, flushing, hypotension, shock, and bronchospasm.

Goal: expected gas exchange problems handled
with expected outcomes: no shortness of breath, adequate ventilation, no symptoms of respiratory distress.

Nursing Interventions:

Assess frequency, depth and ease breathing.
Maintain patency of the airway to give the position, exploitation, and the use of tools.
Assess the level of consciousness / mental changes.
Collaboration give oxygen therapy correctly, according to the condition of clients.
Collaboration give medicines.

Rational :

Increased respiratory effort may indicate the degree of hypoxemia and useful in the evaluation of the degree of respiratory distress.
Because airway obstruction may affect ventilation and impairs gas exchange.
Therefore, systemic hypoxemia can be demonstrated first by the restless and sensitive excitatory later by progressive mental decline.
The aim of oxygen therapy is to maintain PaO 2 above 60 mm Hg, oxygen is supplied with appropriate delivery methods tolerance client.
Used to prevent allergic reactions / inhibit histamine release, lose weight and spasm of the airway, respiratory inflammation and dyspnea.

Acute Pain and Risk for Injury related to Encephalitis

smgpbg Acute Pain , Acute Pain and Risk for Injury related to Encephalitis

Nursing Diagnosis for Encephalitis : Acute Pain related to irritation of the brain lining.

Goal :
Patients seen decreases pain / pain control.

Outcomes :

Patients can sleep.
Saying decrease pain.

Interventions :
1. Try to create a safe and quiet environment.
Rationale : Lowering the reaction to external stimuli or sensitivity to light and encourage patients to rest.

2. Cold compress to the head and a cool cloth on the eye.
Rationale : Can cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels of the brain.

3. Perform active or passive motion exercise in accordance with the conditions of tender and careful.
Rationale : Can help to relax tense muscles and may decrease pain / disconfort.

collaboration :
4. Give analgesics.
Rationale : It may be necessary to decrease pain.

Nursing Diagnosis for Encephalitis : Risk for Injury related to the presence of seizures, altered mental status and decreased level of consciousness.

Goal :
Patients free from injury caused by seizures and loss of consciousness.

1. Monitor spasms in hands, feet, mouth and other facial muscles.
Rationale : Require evaluation in accordance with the appropriate interventions to prevent complications.

2. Prepare a safe environment such as bed boundaries, safety boards, and suction devices have always been close to the patient.
Rationale : Protecting patients when seizures occur.

3. Maintain total bedrest during the acute phase.
Rationale : Reduce the risk of falls / injured if vertigo, sincope, and ataxia occurred.

4. Give appropriate therapy doctors advice.
Rationale : To prevent or reduce seizures.

Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to Encephalitis

smgpbg Encephalitis , Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion

Nursing Care Plan for Encephalitis

Nursing Diagnosis : Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to increased intracranial pressure.

Goal :

Neurologic status returned to the state before the illness.
Increased awareness and sensory function.

Outcomes :

Vital signs within normal limits.
Headache is reduced.
Increased awareness.
No signs or loss of increased intracranial pressure.

Interventions :
1. Total bed rest with supine sleeping position without a pillow.
Rationale : Changes in intracranial pressure will be able to mislead the risk for brain herniation.

2. Monitor the status of neurological signs with GCS.
Rationale : Can reduce further brain damage.

3. Monitor vital signs such as BP, pulse, temperature, respiration and caution in systolic hypertension.
Rationale : In normal circumstances autoregulation maintains a state of altered systemic blood pressure to fluctuate. Failure of autoregulation, will lead to cerebral vascular damage that can be manifested by an increase in systolic and diastolic pressure followed by a decrease. While the increase in temperature can describe the course of infection.

4. Monitor intake and output.
Rationale : Hyperthermia can lead to increased IWL and increase the risk of dehydration, especially in patients who are not aware, and nausea were lower intake orally.

5. Help the patient to limit vomiting, coughing. Instruct the patient to exhale when moving or turning in bed.
Rationale : Activity vomiting or coughing can increase intracranial pressure and intra-abdominal. Exhale when moving or changing position can protect themselves from the effects of valsalva's.

Collaboration :

6. Arterial blood gas analysis monitor when needed oxygen administration.
Rationale : The possibility of acidosis is accompanied by the release of oxygen at the cellular level may lead to the occurrence of cerebral ischemic.

7. Give appropriate therapy doctors advice.
Rationale : Given therapy can decrease capillary permeability. Lowering of cerebral edema. Lowering metabolic cells / consumption and seizures.

Imbalanced Nutrition and Knowledge Deficit related to Malaria

smgpbg Imbalanced Nutrition and Knowledge Deficit related to Malaria , Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements

Nursing Care Plan for Malaria

Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to inadequate food intake ; anorexia ; nausea / vomiting.

Goal :

Nutrients are met.

Outcomes :
Increased nutrient intake.

Intervention :
1. Assess the nutritional history, including the preferred food . Observation and record food intake.
Rational : Keep an eye on caloric intake or lack of quality of food consumption.

2. Give a little to eat, and a little extra food right.
Rational : Gastric dilatation can occur when feeding too quickly after a period of anorexia.

3. Maintain a schedule of regular weighing.
Rational : Keep an eye on the effectiveness of weight loss or nutritional intervention.

4. Discuss preferred by the client and input in a pure diet.
Rational : It can increase input, increase the sense of participation / control.

5. Observe and record the presence of nausea / vomiting , and other symptoms associated.
Rational : GI symptoms may show the effects of anemia ( hypoxia ) in the organ.

6. Collaboration to perform to a dietitian.
Rationale : Need help in planning a diet that meets nutritional needs.

Knowledge Deficit : about the disease, prognosis and treatment needs related to lack of exposure / recall errors of interpretation of information, cognitive limitations.

Interventions :

1. Review the disease process and future expectations.
Rationale : This action provides the knowledge base in which the patient can make a choice.

2. Provide information on drugs, drug interactions, side effects and adherence to the program.
Rationale : Increase understanding and enhance cooperation in healing and reducing recurrence of complications.

3. Discuss the need for proper nutritional intake and balanced.
Rational : That the need for optimal healing and general well-being.

4. Encourage periods of rest and activity scheduled.
Rational : That the energy savings and improve healing.

5. Review the need for personal hygiene and environmental cleanliness.
Rationale : Helps control the exposure environment, by reducing the number of disease-causing there.

6. Identify signs and symptoms that require medical evaluation.
Rationale : Early recognition of the development / recurrence of infection.

7. Emphasize the importance of antibiotic treatment as needed.
Rationale : The use of the prevention of infection.

Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to Osteoarthritis

smgpbg Disturbed Sleep Pattern , Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to Osteoarthritis

Nursing Diagnosis for Osteoarthritis : Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to pain

Outcomes :
Clients can meet the needs of rest or sleep.

Independent:

Determine the normal and usual sleep habits and the changes that occur.
Provide a comfortable bed.
Create a new bedtime routine that is included in the old patterns and new environment.
Instruct act of relaxation.
Increase comfort bedtime regimen, such as a warm bath and massage.
Use the bed fence as indicated : if possible lower the bed.
Avoid disturbing the client when the client is asleep, when possible, for example wake for drugs or therapy.

Collaboration :

Give medications as indicated.

Rationale :

Assessing the need for and identify appropriate interventions.
Improving the convenience of sleep and support the physiological / psychological.
When the new routines contain as many aspects of old habits, stress and anxiety -related can be reduced.
Help induce sleep.
Increase the relaxation effect.
Can feel the fear of falling due to changes in the size and height of the bed, place a fence to help change the position.
More uninterrupted sleep creates a feeling of fresh and patients may possibly not be able to go back to sleep if awakened.

May be given to help the patient sleep or rest.

Disturbed Body Image related to Osteoarthritis

smgpbg Disturbed Body Image , Disturbed Body Image related to Osteoarthritis

Nursing Care Plan for Osteoarthritis

Disturbed Body Image related to changes in the ability to perform common tasks.

Outcomes :
Expressing increased confidence in ability to cope with illness, lifestyle changes and possible limitations.

Interventions :
Independent:

Encourage disclosure about problems regarding the disease process, hope for the future.
Discuss the meaning of the loss / change in patient / significant other. Ascertain how the patient's personal views on the functioning of day-to- day lifestyle.
Discuss the patient's perception of how the people closest to accept limitations.
Acknowledge and accept the feelings of the bereaved, hostile dependency.
Note the behavior of withdrawn, denied or paid much attention to the body / changes.
Arrange limits on maladaptive behavior. Help the patient to identify positive behaviors that can help coping.
Involve the patient in the treatment plan and schedule activities.

Collaboration :

Refer to psychiatric counseling.
Give medicines as directed.

Rationale :

Give a chance to identify a fear / upset face it directly.
Identify how the disease affects self-perception and interaction with others will determine the need for further intervention or counseling.
Verbal cues / nonverbal people nearby can have a major influence on how the patient views himself.
Pain is exhausting, and feelings of anger, hostility common.
Can indicate emotional or maladaptive method, requiring further intervention or psychological support.
Helping patients maintain self-control can increase feelings of self-esteem.
Increase feelings of competence / self-esteem, encourage independence, and encourage participation and therapy.
Patient / significant other may need support for dealing with long-term process / disability.
May be required at the time of the advent of the Great Depression until patients develop effective coping skills.

Activity Intolerance and Risk for Injury related to Osteoarthritis

smgpbg Activity Intolerance , Activity Intolerance and Risk for Injury related to Osteoarthritis

Nursing Care Plan for Osteoarthritis

Nursing Diagnosis for Osteoarthritis : Activity Intolerance related to changes in muscle.

Outcomes :
Clients are able to participate in the desired activity.

Interventions :

Maintain bed rest / sit down if necessary.
Help move with minimal assistance.
Encourage clients maintain an upright posture, sitting height, standing and walking.
Provide a safe environment and recommends to use a walker.
Give as indicated drugs such as steroids.

Rationale :

To prevent fatigue and maintains strength.
Improve joint function, muscle strength and general stamina.
Maximizing the function of joints and maintain mobility.
Avoiding injuries caused by accidents such as falls.
To suppress acute systemic inflammation.

Nursing Diagnosis for Osteoarthritis : Risk for Injury related to decrease in bone function.

Outcomes :
Clients can maintain physical safety.

Interventions :

Control of the patient's environment : Getting rid of the obvious dangers, reducing potential injury from falling while sleeping for example using a buffer bed, try to position the lower bed, night lighting ready to use call lights.
Allow maximum independence and freedom to provide freedom in a safe environment, avoid the use of restrain, when patients daydreaming distract rather than startled.

Rationale :

Hazard-free environment that will reduce the risk of injury and relieve families of the constant concerns.
This will give the patient autonomy, can restrain the increase of agitation, if the shock will increase anxiety.

Pain (acute / chronic) related to Osteoarthritis

smgpbg Acute Pain , Chronic Pain

Nursing Care Plan for Osteoarthritis

Pain (acute / chronic) related to tissue distension by accumulation of fluid / inflammation, joint destruction.

Outocomes :

Showed pain control.
The client looks relaxed, can sleep / rest and participate in activities.
Following therapy program.
Combining the skills of relaxation and entertainment activities into the program of pain control.

Interventions :

Assess complaints of pain, note the location and intensity of pain (scale 0-10), note the factors that accelerate and signs of pain.
Give a hard mattress, small pillows. Elevate the bed linens as needed.
Let the patient take a comfortable position when sleeping or sitting in a chair. Increase bed rest as indicated.
Encourage patients to frequently change positions. Help the patient to move in bed, prop sore joints above and below, avoid jerky movements.
Encourage patients to a warm bath or shower to wake-up time. Provide a warm washcloth to compress the affected joints several times a day. Monitor the temperature of the water compresses , water bath.
Give a gentle massage.
Collaboration : Give medication before activity or exercise that is planned according to the instructions as acetyl salicylate.

Rationale :

Assist in determining the need for and effectiveness of pain management programs.
Soft mattress, great pillows will prevent the maintenance of proper body alignment, placing setres the diseased joints. Elevation of the bed linens pressure on inflamed joints / pain.
In severe disease, bed rest may be necessary to limit joint pain or injury.
Preventing the occurrence of general fatigue and joint stiffness. Stabilize the joint, reduce movement / pain in the joints.
Heat increases muscle relaxation and mobility, decrease pain and stiffness in the morning release. The sensitivity of the heat can be removed and dermal wounds can be healed.
Increasing relaxation / reduce muscle tension.
Increase relaxation, reduce muscle tension, ease to participate in therapy.

Acute Pain related to Hypertensive Heart Disease

smgpbg Acute Pain , Acute Pain related to Hypertensive Heart Disease

Nursing Care plan for Hypertensive Heart Disease

Nursing Diagnosis : Acute Pain : headache related to an increase in cerebral vascular pressure.

Goal : Pain is reduced

Outcomes :

Client reported pain / discomfort disappeared / controlled.

Interventions :

Maintaining bed rest during the acute phase.
Give non-pharmacological measures to relieve headaches, for example; cold compress on the forehead, back and neck massage, a quiet, dim room light, relaxation techniques (imagination, distraction ) and leisure time activities.
Eliminate / minimize vasoconstriction activity that can improve headaches, for example; straining during defecation, coughing and bending length.
Assist patients in ambulation as needed.
Give liquids, soft foods, regular oral care in case of nose bleeds or compress the nose has been done to stop the bleeding.
Collaboration of drugs ; analgesic, anti- anxiety.

Rationale :

Minimizing stimulation / increase relaxation.
Actions that decreases cerebral vascular pressure and the slow / block the sympathetic response is effective in relieving headaches and complications.
Activities that increase vasoconstriction cause headaches in an increase in cerebral vascular pressure.
Dizziness and blurred vision often associated with headache, patients may also experience episodes of postural hypotension.
Increase the general comfort, compress the nose may interfere with the ingestion or require breathing with the mouth, causing stagnation and drying oral secretions of mucous membranes.
Lose / control pain and decrease the sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
Can reduce tension and discomfort aggravated by stress.

Activity Intolerance related to Hypertensive Heart Disease

smgpbg Activity Intolerance , Activity Intolerance related to Hypertensive Heart Disease

Nursing Diagnosis for Hypertensive Heart Disease : Activity Intolerance related to general weakness, imbalance between supply and demand of oxygen.

Goal : The client is able to perform the activity is tolerated.

Outcomes :

Participate in activities desired / required.
Reported an increase in tolerance activity can be measured.
Showed a decrease in physiological signs of intolerance.

Interventions :

Assess the client's response to the activity, attention pulse frequency more than 20 times per minute above the break frequency ; significant increase in BP during / after activity, dyspnea, chest pain ; excessive fatigue and weakness ; diaphoresis ; dizziness or fainting.
Instructed the patient on energy saving techniques, eg ; using the bath seat, sit while combing hair or brushing teeth, doing activities slowly.
Suggest to do the activity / self- phased treatment if tolerated, provide assistance as needed.

Rationale :

Mention parameters help in assessing the physiological response to stress and activity when there is an indicator of excess work -related activity levels.
Energy saving techniques also help reduce the presence of a balance between energy supply and oxygen demand.
Activity progress gradually to prevent sudden increase in cardiac work, provide only limited assistance will need to encourage independence in performing activities.

Risk for Decrease Cardiac Output related to Hypertensive Heart Disease

smgpbg Hypertensive Heart Disease , Risk for Decrease Cardiac Output

Nursing Care Plan for Hypertensive Heart Disease
Nursing Diagnosis : Risk for Decrease Cardiac Output related to increased afterload, vasoconstriction, myocardial ischemia, ventricular hypertrophy.

Goal : Want to participate in activities that lower blood pressure / cardiac workload.

Outcomes :

Blood pressure within an acceptable range of individuals.
Rhythm and heart rate stabilized in the normal range.

Interventions :

Monitor vital signs.
Note the presence, quality central and peripheral pulses.
Heart tone auscultation, and breath sounds.
Observe skin color, moisture, temperature, and capillary refill time.
Note the general edema / certain.
Provide a quiet and comfortable environment, reduce the activity / environment commotion, limit the number of visitors and length of stay.
Maintain restrictions on activities such as rest in bed / chair ; schedule uninterrupted rest period ; help patients perform self-care as needed.
Perform actions as comfortable as back and neck massage, tilt the head of the bed.
Encourage relaxation techniques, imagination guide, transfer activity.
Monitor response to medication to control blood pressure.

Rationale :

Comparison of blood pressure gives a more complete picture of the involvement / field of vascular problems.
Throbbing carotid, jugular, radial and femolaris probably observed / palpable. Pulse in the limbs may decrease, reflecting the effect of vasoconstriction (increased SVR) and venous congestion.
S4 is commonly heard in patients with severe hypertension due to an increase in atrium volume / pressure. S3 shows the development of ventricular hypertrophy and malfunction, the presence of crackles, wheezes may indicate pulmonary congestion secondary to the onset or chronic renal failure.
The presence of pale, cool, moist skin and slow capillary refill time may be related to vasoconstriction or reflect decompensation / decrease in cardiac output.
May indicate heart failure, kidney or vascular damage.
Helps to reduce sympathetic stimulation ; increase relaxation .
Lowering stress and tension which affects blood pressure and hypertensive disease course.
Reduce discomfort and can reduce sympathetic stimulation.
Can reduce stressful stimuli, making a calming effect, thus reducing BP.
Response to drug therapy "stepeed" (consisting of diuretics, sympathetic inhibitors and vasodilators) depends on the individual and synergistic effects of the drug, because of these side effects, it is important to use the drug in the fewest number and lowest doses.

Low Self-Esteem related to Epilepsy (Seizures)

smgpbg Epilepsy , Low Self-Esteem

Nursing Care Plan for Epilepsy (Seizures)

Nursing Diagnosis : Low Self-Esteem / personal identity related to stigma in terms of conditions, perceptions about uncontrolled.

characterized by expression of a lifestyle change, fear of rejection ; negative feelings about the body.

Goal : Identify feelings and methods for coping with negative self- perception.

Interventions :

1. Discuss feelings about the patient's diagnostic, self-perception of the treatment used.
Rationale : Reactions have varied between individuals and knowledge / experience with the disease early will affect reception.

2. Suggest to reveal / feelings.
Rationale : The complaint was afraid , angry , and very attentive to the implications in the future could affect the patient to accept the situation.

3. Identify / anticipate possible reactions of people on the state of the disease. Encourage clients to not conceal the problem.
rationale : Provide an opportunity to respond to the problem-solving process and provide measures to control the situation.

4. Assess with the patient about the results that have been obtained or will be achieved more and strengths.
Rationale : Focusing on the positive aspects can help to relieve feelings of failure or self -consciousness and shape of the patient from receiving handler to illness.

5. Determine the attitude / skills of people nearby. Help realize these feelings are normal, while feeling guilty and blaming of itself is useless.
Rationale : Negative view of people nearby can affect the sense of ability / self-worth clients and reduce the support received from the closest people who have a risk limit optimal handling.

6. Emphasize the importance of the course to remain calm during a seizure.
Rationale : Anxiety of caregivers is creeping up on the patient and when to increase the negative perception of the state of the environment / themselves.

Risk for Injury and Knowledge Deficit related to Epilepsy (Seizures)

smgpbg Epilepsy , Knowledge Deficit

Nursing Care Plan for Epilepsy (Seizures)

Nursing Diagnosis for Epilepsy (Seizures) : Risk for Injury related to changes in consciousness, cognitive damage, seizures or damages for personal protection.

Goal : Reduce the risk of injury to patients.

Interventions :

1. Assess the characteristics of seizures.
Rationale : To find out how much the level of seizures experienced by patients that provide interventions work better.

2. Keep away from sharp objects / harm for the patient.
Rationale : Sharps can injure and physically injure the patient.

3. Enter the tongue spatula / artificial airway or soft object rolls as indicated.
Rationale : With a spatula put the tongue between the upper jaw and lower jaw, then the risk of the patient biting his tongue does not occur and the patient's airway becomes smoother.

4. Collaboration in the provision of anti-seizure medications.
Rationale : Anti- seizure drugs can reduce the degree of strain experienced patients, so the risk for injury was reduced.

Nursing Diagnosis for Epilepsy (Seizures) : Knowledge Deficit : family on the course of disease processes related to the lack of information.

Goal : Increased knowledge of the family , the family understand the disease process of epilepsy, family, clients do not ask more about the disease, treatment and condition of the client.

Interventions

1. Assess client's level of family education.
Rationale : Education is one of the determinants of a person's level of knowledge/

2. Assess knowledge level of client family.
Rationale : To find out how much information they already know, so that knowledge will be given in accordance with the needs of the family.

3. Explain to the client's family about the disease through counseling febrile seizures.
Rationale : To increase knowledge.

4. Give a chance to ask the family not yet understood.
Rationale : To find out how much information is already understood.

5. Involve the family in every action on the client.
rationale : Family in order to provide proper treatment if a client had a seizure the next time.

Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to Epilepsy (Seizures)

smgpbg Epilepsy , Ineffective Breathing Pattern

Nursing Care Plan for Epilepsy (Seizures)

Nursing Diagnosis for Epilepsy (Seizures) : Ineffective breathing pattern related to neuromuscular damage, increased mucus secretion

Goal : Maintain effective breathing pattern with a patent airway.

Interventions :

1. Encourage clients to vacate the mouth of objects / substances specified / dentures or other devices if the aura phase occurs and to avoid jaw shut if seizures occur without marked symptoms of early.
Rationale : Lowering the risk of aspiration or the entry of foreign objects into the pharynx.

2. Place the client in a position incline, flat surface, tilt the head during a seizure attack.
Rationale : Increase the flow (drainage) secret, preventing the tongue falls to clog the airway.

3. Remove clothing in the area of the neck, chest, and abdomen.
Rationale : To facilitate the effort to breathe.

4. Enter the tongue spatula / artificial airway or soft object rolls as indicated.
Rationale : Prevent being bitten tongue and facilitate during a suction mucus. Artificial airway may be indicated after the easing of seizure activity if the patient is unconscious and can not maintain a safe position of the tongue.

5. Do suction mucus as indicated.
Rationale : Lowering the risk of aspiration or asphyxia.

6. Give supplemental oxygen / ventilation manually as needed on postictal phase.
Rationale : Cerebral hypoxia may decrease as a result of decreased circulation or oxygen secondary to vascular spasm during seizures.

7. Prepare / aids to intubation if indicated.
Rationale : The emergence of prolonged apnea in postictal phase requiring mechanical ventilator support.

Hyperthermia and Imbalanced Nutrition related to Hyperthyroidism

smgpbg Hyperthermia , Hyperthermia and Imbalanced Nutrition related to Hyperthyroidism

Assessment

1. Activity / Rest
Symptoms : Insomnia, increased sensitivity ; muscle weakness, impaired coordination ; Severe fatigue.
Signs : muscle atrophy.

2. Circulation
Symptoms : Palpitations, chest pain (angina).
Signs : dysrhythmias (atrial fibrillation), gallop rhythm, murmurs ; Increased blood pressure with a heavy tone pressure, tachycardia ; Circulatory collapse, shock (crisis thyrotoxicosis)

3· Ego Integrity
Symptoms : Experiencing severe stress both emotionally and physically.
Signs : Emotions labile (euphoria moderate to delirium), depression.

Physical Examination (ROS : Review of Systems)

1. Respiratory B1 (breath)
circulatory collapse, shock (crisis thyrotoxicosis), increased respiratory rate, dyspnea, and pulmonary edema.

2. Cardiovascular B2 (blood)
Hypertension, arrhythmia, palpitations, heart failure, lymphocytosis, anemia, splenomegaly, enlarged neck.

3. Nerves B3 (Brain)
Rapid and guttural speech, impaired mental status and behavior, such as confusion, disorientation, anxiety, sensitive excitatory, delirium, psychosis, stupor, coma, tremors smooth on hands, without purpose, some parts jerky, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes.

4. Urinary B4 (bladder)
Oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, down libido, infertility, gynekomastia.

5. Digestive B5 (bowel)
Sudden weight loss, increased appetite, eat a lot, eat often, thirst, nausea and vomiting.

6. Musculoskeletal / integument B6 (bone)
Weakness, fatigue.

Nursing Diagnosis for Hyperthyroidism

Nursing Diagnosis : Hyperthermia related to inflammatory processes.

Goal : Normal body temperature.

Outcomes :

No signs of dehydration,
Lips moist.

Intervention :
1. Give warm water compress as needed.
R / : Can help decrease heat experienced by the patient.

2. Encourage clients to use clothes that can absorb sweat.
R / : Due to the humid conditions of the body triggers the growth of fungi that cause risk of complications.

3. Maintain a cool environment.
R / : To help maintain the body temperature of the patient to be in a normal state.

4. Collaboration with the medical team in drug delivery.
R / : Helps reduce body temperature of the patient.

Nursing Diagnosis : Imbalanced nutrition : less than body requirements related to the inability to absorb nutrients.

Goal : Nutritional needs fulfilled.

Outcomes :

Return to normal eating,
Normal weight,
Normal laboratory examination,
Showed no signs of malnutrition,
Not nausea,
Not vomiting.

Intervention :
1. Supervise dietary supply, give eat little but often.
R / : To avoid nausea and vomiting and nutritional needs of patients.

2. Encourage the patient to eat little but often.
R / : Increased appetite.

3. Provide information about the importance of nutrition for the body.
R / : Improving patients' knowledge about nutrition.

4. Collaboration with the medical team in drug delivery.
R / : To provide appropriate therapy for patients.

Nursing Care Plan for Hyperthyroidism

smgpbg Hyperthyroidism , Nursing Care Plan

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which an overactive thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones that circulate in the blood . Thyrotoxicosis is a toxic condition caused by an excess of thyroid hormones from any cause. Thyrotoxicosis can be caused by an excessive intake of thyroid hormones or by the production of thyroid hormones excess by the thyroid gland.

Thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland which is usually followed by symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The disease is more common in women after childbirth, a few months later the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Most will recover back to normal thyroid.

The thyroid is regulated by another gland located in the brain, called the pituitary. In turn, the pituitary is regulated in part by thyroid hormone that is circulating in the blood (a feedback effect of thyroid hormones on the pituitary gland) and partly by another gland called the hypothalamus, is also a part of the brain.

The hypothalamus releases a hormone called thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), which sends a signal to the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In turn, TSH sends a signal to the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. If the excessive activity of whichever of these three glands occurs, an amount of thyroid hormones excess can be generated, thus resulting in hyperthyroidism.

Number or rate of thyroid hormone production is controlled by the pituitary gland. If there is no sufficient amount of thyroid hormone circulating in the body to allow for normal functioning, the release of TSH, enhanced by the pituitary in an attempt to stimulate the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone. Conversely, when there is an excessive amount of circulating thyroid hormone, the pituitary release of TSH reduced when trying to reduce the production of thyroid hormones.

Some diseases that cause hyperthyroidism are:

a) Graves' Disease
The disease is caused by an overactive thyroid gland and is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism encountered. The disease is usually derived. Women 5 times more often than men. Suspected cause is an autoimmune disease, in which antibodies are found in the blood circulation, namely thyroid stimulating.
Immunoglobulin (TSI antibodies), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO) and thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb). The originators of this disorder is stress, smoking, radiation, eye and skin disorders, blurred vision, sensitive to light, feels like there is sand in the eyes, the eyes may protrude up to double vision. This eye disease often runs itself and does not depend on the high / low thyroid hormone. Skin disorders cause the skin to be red, loss of pain, and sweating a lot.

b) Toxic Nodular Goiter
Lump in the neck due to enlargement of the thyroid in the form of solid grains, can be one or many. The word "toxic" means hyperthyroidism, whereas nodules or seeds that are not controlled by TSH, thus producing excessive thyroid hormone.

c) Drinking excessive thyroid hormone medication.
Drinking thyroid hormone with the aim of lowering the body until the side effects.

d) Production of abnormal TSH.
Pituitary TSH production can produce excessive TSH, which stimulates the thyroid issue that a lot of T3 and T4.

e) Thyroiditis (inflammation of thyroid gland).
Thyroiditis often occurs in women after childbirth, postpartum thyroiditis is called, where a complaint arises in the initial phase of hyperthyroidism, 2-3 months then quit hpotiroid symptoms.

f) Excessive iodine consumption.
When excessive consumption can cause hyperthyroidism, this disorder usually occurs when the patient previously had been no abnormalities of the thyroid gland.

In the mild stage often without complaint. Similarly, in older people, more than 70 years, the typical symptoms are often not apparent. Depending on the severity of hyperthyroidism, then a complaint can be mild to severe.

Complaints that often arise include:

Anxiety, insomnia, and a fine tremor.
Weight loss despite a good appetite.
Heat intolerance and a lot of sweat.
Palpitations, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure, which may occur as a result of the effects of thyroxine on myocardial cells.
Amenorrhoea and infertility.
Muscle weakness, especially in limb circumference (proximal myopathy).
Osteoporosis with bone pain.

Nursing Diagnosis for Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthermia related to inflammatory processes.
Imbalanced nutrition : less than body requirements related to the inability to absorb nutrients.
Activity intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.
Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to respiratory muscle fatigue.

6 Nursing Diagnosis for Pleural Effusion

smgpbg 6 Nursing Diagnosis for Pleural Effusion , Nursing Diagnosis

Pleural Effusion

Definition

Pleural effusion is a condition where there is a buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura can be fluid transudate or exudate fluid.

Etiology

Based on the type of fluid that is formed, divided into the pleural fluid transudate, exudate and hemorrhagic.

Transudate can be caused by congestive heart failure (left heart failure), nephrotic syndrome, ascites (due to hepatic cirrhosis), superior vena cava syndrome, tumors, Meigs syndrome.
Exudate caused by infection, tuberculosis, etc., preumonia, tumors, lung infarct, radiation, collagen diseases.
Hemorrhagic effusion can be caused by tumors, trauma, pulmonary infarction, tuberculosis.

Based on the location of the liquid is formed, effusions were divided into unilateral and bilateral. Unilateral effusion have no specific connection with the cause of disease but bilateral effusion is found in the following diseases : congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, ascites, pulmonary infarction, systemic lupus erythematosus, tumors and tuberculosis.

Pathophysiology

Under normal circumstances there is only 10-20 ml of fluid in the pleural cavity. The amount of fluid in the pleural cavity remains, due to the hydrostatic pressure of the parietal pleura by 9 cm H2O. Pleural fluid accumulation can occur if the colloid osmotic pressure decreases, for example in patients with hypoalbuminemia and increased capillary permeability due to any inflammatory process or a neoplasm, increased hydrostatic pressure due to heart failure and intra- pleural negative pressure in case of pulmonary atelectasis (Alsagaf, Mukti, 1995).

Pleural effusion occurs means of collecting a large amount of free fluid in the pleural cavity. Possible causes of effusion among others ; (1) the inhibition of lymphatic drainage of the pleural cavity, (2) heart failure that causes pulmonary capillary pressure and peripheral pressure becomes very high, giving rise to excessive transudation of fluid into the pleural cavity (3) Plasma colloid osmotic pressure greatly decreased, so also allows transudation fluid overload (4) infection or inflammation of any cause whatsoever on the pleural surface of the pleural cavity, which solves the capillary membrane and allows the flow of plasma proteins and fluid into the cavity rapidly (Guyton and Hall, 1997).

Assessment

The data were collected or studied include :

a. Patient identity
At this stage the nurse needs to know about the name, age, gender, home address, religion or belief, ethnic groups, language used, education and employment status of patients.

b. Main complaints
The main complaints are the main factors of patients to seek care or treatment to the hospital. Usually in patients with pleural effusion obtained complaints of shortness of breath, heaviness in the chest, pleuritic pain due to irritation of the pleura that is both sharp and localized primarily during coughing and breathing as well as non- productive cough.

c . History of present illness
Patients with pleural effusion will usually be preceded by signs such as cough, shortness of breath, pleuritic pain, heaviness in the chest, weight loss and so on. It should be also asked that began when a complaint arises. What action has been taken to reduce or eliminate these grievances.

d. Past medical history
It should be asked whether the patient had been suffering from lung diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, heart failure, trauma, ascites, and so on. It is necessary to determine possible predisposing factors.

e. Family history of disease
Needs to be asked whether there are family members who suffer from diseases that are suspected as the cause of pleural effusion such as lung cancer, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, and so forth.

f. psychosocial history
Includes feelings of the patient against the disease, how to cope, and how the patient's behavior to the actions taken against themselves.

Some nursing diagnoses that may arise in patients with pleural effusion include:

1. Ineffective breathing pattern related to the decline in lung expansion secondary to the buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity (Tucleer Susan Martin, et al, 1998).

2. Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to an increase in metabolism, digestion appetite of respiratory failure secondary to suppression of abdominal structure (Barbara Engram, 1993).

3. Anxiety related to the threat of death imaginable (inability to breathe).

4. Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to persistent cough and shortness of breath as well as changes in the atmosphere (Barbara Engram).

5. Activity Intolerance related to fatigue (poor physical state) (Susan Martin Tucleer, et al, 1998).

6. Knowledge Deficit : about the condition , treatment rules related to lack of information displayed (Barbara Engram, 1993).

Activity Intolerance - Nursing Care Plan for Pleural Effusion

smgpbg Activity Intolerance , Activity Intolerance - Nursing Care Plan for Pleural Effusion

Nursing Diagnosis for for Pleural Effusion : Activity Intolerance related to fatigue ( poor physical state ) .

Goal : Patient is able to carry out activities as optimal as possible .

Outcomes :
Fulfillment optimal activity , the patient looks fresh and vibrant , personal hygiene patient enough .

Interventionas :

1 Evaluation of the patient's response during the move , record the complaint and the level of activity and a change in vital signs .
Raasional : Knowing the extent of the patient's ability to perform the activity .

2 Help the patient to meet their needs .
Rationale : Encourage the patient to practice actively and independently .

3 Monitor the patient while doing the activity .
Rationale : Provide education to patients and families in the subsequent treatment .

4 Involve the family in patient care .
Rationale : a sign of the patient's weakness has not been able to move fully .

5. Explain to patients about the need for a balance between activity and rest .
Rationale : Rest need to lower the metabolic requirements .

6 Motivation and monitor the patient to perform activities gradually.
Rational : regular activity and gradually will help restore the patient to normal conditions .

Disturbed Sleep Pattern - NCP for Pleural Effusion

smgpbg Disturbed Sleep Pattern , Disturbed Sleep Pattern - NCP for Pleural Effusion

Nursing Care Plan for Pleural Effusion

The gravity of the pleural effusion is determined by the amount of fluid, the rate of formation fluids and pressure levels in the lungs. If large effusion, lung expansion will be disrupted and the patient will experience shortness of breath, chest pain, non- productive cough even lung collapse will occur and there will consequently respiratory failure.

The conditions mentioned above are not uncommon cause of death in patients with pleural effusion. Various nursing problems arising in actual and potential problems due to pleural effusion include Disturbed Sleep Pattern, Impaired Gas Exchange, Fear / Anxiety and others .

Nursing Diagnosis : Disturbed Sleep Pattern

Goal : There was no disruption of sleep patterns and rest requirements are met.

Outomes : The patient will :

no shortness of breath,
can sleep comfortably without experiencing interference,
can easily fall asleep within 30-40 minutes and the patient rest or sleep within 3-8 hours per day.

Interventions and Rational :

1. Give the position as comfortable as possible for patients.
Rasonal : semi-Fowler's position or a pleasant position will facilitate the circulation of O2 and CO2.

2. Determine the motivation habits before bedtime in accordance with the habits of patients before treatment.
Rationale : Changing patterns of habitual bedtime will disrupt the sleep process.

3. Instruct the patient to relaxation exercises before bed.
Rationale : Relaxation can help overcome sleep disorders.

4. Observation cardinal symptoms and the patient's general condition.
Rationale : Observations cardinal symptoms in order to determine changes in the patient's condition.

Fear / Anxiety - Nursing Care Plan for Pleural Effusion

smgpbg Anxiety , Fear

Pleural effusion is a clinical manifestation that can be found in approximately 50-60 % of patients with primary pleural malignancies. While 95 % of cases of mesothelioma ( pleural primary malignancies) can be accompanied by pleural effusion and approximately 50 % of breast cancer patients will eventually experience pleural effusion.

Incidence of pleural effusion is quite high especially in patients with malignancy if not administered properly it will reduce the quality of life of sufferers and increasingly burdensome condition of the patient. The lungs are part of the respiratory system is very important, in this organ disorders such as pleural effusion can cause respiratory problems and even can affect the cardiovascular system that can work ended in death.

Improving the condition of patients with pleural effusions requiring appropriate treatment by health workers, including nurses as providers of nursing care in hospitals. For that, the nurse needs to learn about the concept and management of pleural effusions and nursing care in patients with pleural effusion. So in this paper will discuss how the nursing care of patients with pleural effusion.

Nursing Diagnosis for Pleural Effusion : Fear / Anxiety related to the threat of death imaginable (inability to breathe).

Goal : Patient is able to understand and accept the situation so there is no anxiety.

Outcomes : The patient will :

Being able to breathe normally , able to adapt to the situation.
Non-verbal responses seem more relaxed and at ease, breath regularly with a frequency 16-24 times per minute, pulse 80-90 times per minute.

Interventions and Rationale :

1. Provide a pleasant position for the patient. Usually with a semi -Fowler. Explain about the disease and diagnosis.
Rationale: The patient is able to receive and understand the circumstances that might be used in the treatment of co-operation.

2. Teach relaxation techniques.
Rationale : Reduce muscle tension and anxiety.

3. Help in finding the source of the existing coping.
Rationale : The use of existing sources of coping constructively very helpful in dealing with stress.

4. Maintain a trusting relationship between the nurse and the patient.
Rationale : The relationship of mutual trust helps the therapeutic process.

5. Assess the factors that cause anxiety.
Rationale : Appropriate action is required to deal with the problems facing clients and build trust in reducing anxiety.

6. Help the patient recognize and acknowledge a sense of anxiety.
Rational : Anxiety is an emotion that effect when they are well identified, disturbing feelings be known.

Risk for Infection - NCP for Anemia

smgpbg Anemia , Risk for Infection

Nursing Care Plan for Anemia

Nursing Diagnosis : Risk for Infection

Definition : Increased risk of entry of pathogenic organisms.

Risk factors :

Invasive procedures.
Insufficient awareness to avoid exposure to pathogens.
Trauma.
Tissue damage and increased environmental exposure.
Rupture of amniotic membranes.
Pharmaceutical agents (immunosuppressants).
Malnutrition.
Increased exposure to environmental pathogens.
Imonusupresi.
Imum ketidakadekuatan made.
Inadequate secondary defenses (decreased hemoglobin , Leukopenia , suppression of inflammatory response).
Inadequate primary defenses (broken skin, traumatized tissue, decrease in ciliary, static body fluids, secretions changes in pH, changes in peristalsis).
Chronic disease.

Goal : increase the client 's immune status .

Outcomes :

Free from signs and symptoms of infection.
Demonstrated ability to prevent infection.
The number of leukocytes within normal limits.
Demonstrate healthy behavior.

NIC :

Infection Control

Clean up the environment after use for other patients.
Maintain isolation techniques.
Limit visitors when necessary.
Instruct visitors to wash their hands when leaving the visit and after visiting a patient.
Use antimicrobial soap for hand washing.
Wash hands before and after each nursing action.
Use suit , gloves as protective gear.
Maintain aseptic environment during the installation of equipment.
Change the location of the peripheral IV and central line and dressing in accordance with the general instructions.
Use intermittent catheters to decrease bladder infection.
Increase the intake of nutrients.
Provide antibiotic therapy if necessary.

Infection Protection

Monitor signs and symptoms of systemic and local infections.
Monitor granulocyte count, WBC.
Monitor susceptibility to infection.
Limit visitors.
Filter visitors to infectious diseases.
Partahankan aspesis technique in patients who are at risk.
Maintain isolation techniques if necessary.
Give the skin of the treatment area epidema.
Inspection of skin and mucous membranes of the redness, heat, drainage.
Inspection of the condition of the wound / incision surgery.
Encourage enter adequate nutrition.
Encourage fluid intake.
Instruct the break.
Instruct the patient to take antibiotics as prescribed.
Teach the patient and family the signs and symptoms of infection.
Teach how to avoid infection.
Report suspicion of infection.
Report positive cultures.

Anemia - Nursing Care Plan

smgpbg Anemia , Anemia - Nursing Care Plan

Anemia Definition

Anemia is characterized by levels of hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (erythrocytes) is lower than normal. If the hemoglobin level is less than 14 g / dl and erythrocyte less than 41 % in men, then a man is said to be anemic. Similarly in women, women with hemoglobin levels less than 12 g / dl and erythrocyte less than 37 %, then the woman was said to be anemic. Anemia is not a disease, but rather a reflection of the state of a disease or disorder caused by the body's functions. Physiologically anemia occurs when there is a shortage of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues.

Anemia was defined as a decrease in the volume of red blood cells or hemoglobin level to below the range of accepted values for healthy people. Anemia is a symptom of an underlying condition, such as loss of blood components, elements inadequate or lack of nutrients needed for the formation of blood cells, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and there are many types of anemia with different causes.

Etiology

Hemolysis (erythrocytes easily broken).
Bleeding.
Bone marrow suppression (eg by cancer).
Nutrient deficiency (nutritional anemia), including iron deficiency, folic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin C and copper.

According to various sources the causes of anemia include:

Less consumption of foods containing iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin C, and the elements necessary for the formation of red blood cells.
Excessive menstrual blood. Women who are menstruating prone to iron deficiency anemia when much menstrual blood and not enough iron stores.
Pregnancy. Pregnant women are prone to anemia because the fetus to absorb iron and vitamins for growth.
Certain diseases. Diseases that cause continuous bleeding in the digestive tract such as gastritis and appendicitis can lead to anemia.
Certain drugs. Several types of medications can cause stomach bleeding (aspirin, anti- inflammatory, etc.). Other drugs can cause problems in the absorption of iron and vitamins (antacids, birth control pills, antiarthritis, etc.).
Retrieval operation of part or all of the stomach (gastrectomy). It can cause anemia because the body absorbs less iron and vitamin B12.
Chronic inflammatory diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, thyroid gland problems, some types of cancer and other diseases can cause anemia because they affect the process of the formation of red blood cells.
In children, anemia can occur due to hookworm infection, malaria, or dysentery that caused a severe shortage of blood.

Pathophysiology

The presence of an anemia marrow reflects the existence of a failure or loss of red blood cells or both. Marrow failure (for example, reduced erythropoiesis) can occur as a result of nutritional deficiencies, toxic exposure , tumor invasion or other unknown causes.

Red blood cells can be lost through bleeding or hemolysis (destruction).
Red blood cell lysis (dissolution) occurs primarily in phagocytic cells or in the reticuloendothelial system, mainly in the liver and spleen. Byproducts of this process is bilirubin that would enter the bloodstream. Any increase in red blood cell destruction (hemolysis) immediately reflected by an increase in plasma bilirubin (normal concentration of ≤ 1 mg / dl, levels above 1.5 mg / dl result in jaundice in the sclera).

If the destruction of red blood cells in the circulation experience, (in hemolytic disorders) then it will appear in the plasma hemoglobin (hemoglobinemia). If the plasma concentration exceeds the capacity of plasma haptoglobin ( protein binding to free hemoglobin ) to bind everything, hemoglobin diffuses in the renal glomerulus and into the urine (hemoglobinuria).

Conclusions about whether an anemia in patients caused by destruction of red blood cells or red blood cell production is not sufficient usually be obtained on the basis of : 1 . reticulocyte count in the blood circulation ; 2 degree of the proliferation of young red blood cells in the bone marrow and maturation ways, as seen in the biopsy ; and presence or absence of hyperbilirubinemia and hemoglobinemia.

Signs and Symptoms

Weak, tired, lethargic and tired.
Often complain of headache and dizziness.
Further symptoms such as eyelids, lips, tongue, skin and palms became pale. Pale because of lack of blood volume and hemoglobin, vasoconstriction.
Tachycardia and heart murmur (an increase in blood flow velocity) Angina (chest pain).
Dyspnea, shortness of breath, tired quickly when activity (reduced O2 delivery).
Headache, weakness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears) illustrates the reduced oxygenation of the CNS
Severe anemia GI disorders, and CHF (anorexia, nausea, constipation or diarrhea).

Complication

Heart failure.
Seizures.
Poor muscle development (long-term).
Concentration decreases.
The ability to process information that is heard decrease.

Test

Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, red blood cell indices, white blood cell studies, the levels of Fe, iron binding capacity measurement, folate, vitamin B12, platelet count, bleeding time, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time.
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Unsaturated iron - binding capacity of serum.
Diagnostic assay to determine the presence of acute and chronic diseases as well as the source of chronic blood loss.

Nursing Care Plan for Anemia

Nursing Diagnosis for Anemia

Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to changes in the oxygen bond with hemoglobin, decrease in hemoglobin concentration in the blood.
Imbalance nutrition less than body requirements related to inadequate food intake .
Self-care deficit related to weakness
Risk for infection related to inadequate secondary defenses (decreased hemoglobin )
Activity intolerance related to imbalance between supply and demand of oxygen .
Impaired gas exchange related to ventilation perfusion .
Ineffectivene breathing pattern related to fatigue .
Fatigue related to anemia .

Disturbed Sleep Pattern - NCP for Lower Back Pain

smgpbg Disturbed Sleep Pattern , Disturbed Sleep Pattern - NCP for Lower Back Pain

Nursing Care Plan for Lower Back Pain (LBP)

Low Back Pain is chronic pain in the lumbar, usually caused by a recessive the vertebral muscles, herniation and regeneration of the nucleus pulposus, osteoarthritis of the lumbar sacral spine (Brunner, 1999).

Causes

Changes in posture usually because primary and secondary trauma. Primary trauma such as : Trauma spontaneously, for example accidents. Secondary trauma such as : HNP, osteoporosis, spondylitis, spinal stenosis, spondylitis, osteoarthritis.
Lumbosacral ligament instability and muscle weakness.
Procedures degeneration in elderly patients.
The use of heels that are too high.
Obesity.
Lifting weights the wrong way.
Sprain.
Prolonged exposure to vibration.
Gait.
Smoking.
Sitting too long.
Less exercise (by sport).
Depression / stress.
Sports (golp, tennis, soccer).

Risk Factors of Low Back Pain

Physiological risk factors.

Age ( 20-50 years ).
Lack of physical exercise.
Less anatomical postures.
Obesity.
Severe scoliosis.
HNP.
Spondylitis.
Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spine).
Osteoporosis.
Smoking.

Environment risk factors .

Sitting too long.
Prolonged exposure to vibration.
Sprains or twisted.
Sports ( golf, tennis, gymnastic, and football).
Vibration old.

Psychosocial risk factors.

Inconvenience of work.
Depression.
Stress.

Clinical Manifestations

Changes in gait.

Walking stiff.
No bias play back.
Lame.

Innervation

When tested with a light and a touch of the pin, the patient felt a sensation on both limbs, but having a stronger sensation in areas that are not stimulated.
Uncontrolled defecation and urination.

Pain.

Acute and chronic back pain for more than two months.
Pain when walking with the heel.
Pain in the muscles.
Lower back pain gets spread legs.
Painful heat on the back of the thigh or calf.
Severe pain in the feet increases.

Nursing Care Plan for Lower Back Pain

Nursing Diagnosis : Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to pain, discomfort

Defining characteristics :

Patients appear to endure pain ( moaning, grinning )
Patients express can not sleep because of pain .

Goal : sleep needs can be met.

Outcomes :

Sleep

The amount of time to sleep enough.
Normal sleep patterns.
Enough quality sleep.
Sleep on a regular basis.
Not often awakened.
Vital signs within normal limits.

Rest

Adequate rest.
The quality of a good rest.
Enough physical rest.
Enough psychic rest.

Anxiety control

Adequate sleep.
There is no physical manifestation.
No behavioral manifestations.
Seeking information to reduce anxiety.
Using relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety.
Interact socially.

Interventions for Lower Back Pain

Improved sleep / Sleep Enhancement

Assess patterns of sleep / activity patterns.
Encourage clients to sleep on a regular basis.
Explain the importance of adequate sleep during illness and treatment.
Monitor sleep patterns and note the physical, psychosocial disrupt sleep.
Discuss on the client and family about the technical improvement of sleep patterns.

Environmental management

Limit visitors.
Take care of the noisy environment.
No nursing action when clients sleep.

Anxiety Reduction

Explain all procedures including the feelings that may be experienced while undergoing the procedure.
Give the object that can provide a sense of security.
Speaking slowly and calmly.
Build a trusting relationship.
Listen attentively clients.
Create an atmosphere of mutual trust.
Encourage parents to express feelings, perceptions and anxiety verbally.
Provide equipment / entertaining activities to reduce tension.
Suggest to use relaxation techniques.
Provide a quiet environment.
Limit visitors.

Impaired Gas Exchange - Asthma Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions

smgpbg Asthma , Impaired Gas Exchange

Nursing Care Plan for Asthma

Nursing Diagnosis : Impaired Gas Exchange related to changes in capillary membrane - alveolar

Goal :
Clients are able to :

Respiratory Status: Ventilation.
Respiratory status : Airway patency.
Vital sign status.

Outcomes :

Demonstrate effective cough and breath sounds were clean, no cyanosis and dyspnea (able to produce a sputum sample, is able to breathe easy, no pursed lips)
Showed a patent airway (the client does not feel suffocated, the rhythm of breath, respiratory frequency in the normal range, no abnormal breath sounds)
Vital signs within normal range (blood pressure, pulse, respiration).

NIC :

Airway Management

Open the airway , use techniques jaw thrust or chin lift if necessary.
Position the patient to maximize ventilation.
Identification of the patient's need for installation of an artificial airway.
Attach mayo if necessary.
Perform chest physiotherapy if necessary.
Remove secretions by coughing or suctioning.
Auscultation of breath sounds, note the presence of additional noise.
Perform suction on orofaringeal airway.
Give a humidifier.
Set intake to optimize fluid balance.
Monitor respiration and O2 status.

Oxygen Therapy

Clean the mouth, nose and trachea.
Maintain a patent airway.
Set oxygenation equipment.
Monitor the flow of oxygen.
Maintain the position of the patient.
Observe for signs of hypoventilation.
Monitor the presence of the oxygenation of the patient's anxiety.

Monitoring vital signs

Monitor BP , pulse , temperature , and RR .
Note the fluctuations in blood pressure .
Monitor VS when the patient is lying down , sitting , or standing .
Auscultation of blood pressure in both arms and compare .
Monitor BP , pulse , RR , before , during , and after activity .
Monitor the quality of the pulse .
Monitor respiratory rate and rhythm .
Monitor lung sounds .
Monitor abnormal breathing pattern .
Monitor temperature , color , and moisture.
Monitor peripheral cyanosis .
Monitor the presence of Cushing's triad ( widened pulse pressure , bradycardia , increased systolic ) .
Identify the cause of vital sign changes

7 Nursing Diagnosis for Dementia

smgpbg 7 Nursing Diagnosis for Dementia , Dementia

The most frequent cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is unknown , but is thought to involve genetic factors, because the disease seems to be found in some families and is caused or influenced by some specific gene abnormality. In Alzheimer's disease, some parts of the brain decline, resulting in cell damage and reduced response to a chemical that transmits signals in the brain.

By: Silvia (2006 ) , dementia associated with some types of diseases as follows :

Diseases associated with medical syndromes : These include hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, nutritional deficiencies, AIDS dementia complex, and so on.
Diseases associated with neurological syndromes : This group includes Huntington's chorea, Schilder's disease, and other demyelinating processes ; Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease ; brain tumors ; brain trauma ; the brain and meningeal infection ; and others.
Disease with dementia as the only sign of conspicuous : Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease are included in this category.
Dementia in terms of anatomy to distinguish between cortical dementia and subcortical dementia. Of the etiology and course of the disease to distinguish between reversible and irreversible dementia.

According to (Silvia , 2006) In general, signs and symptoms of dementia are as follows :

Decline in memory that continues to happen. In patients with dementia , " forget " become a part of daily life that can not be separated.
Impaired orientation time and place, for example : forget the day, week, month, year, place of people with dementia are.
The decline and inability to arrange words into a correct sentence, using words that are not appropriate for a condition, repeat the word or the same story many times.
Excessive expression, such as excessive crying when she saw a television drama, furious at small mistakes committed by others, fear and nervousness unwarranted. People with dementia often do not understand why these feelings arise.
A change in behavior, such as : indifferent, withdrawn and anxious.

At first the disease is damaging the nerves cells in the brain that regulate memory, particularly in the hypothalamus and related structures. When the nerve cells of the hypothalamus stops functioning properly, there is a failure of short -term memory, followed by a failure of the ability to perform actions and tasks as usual. The disease is also on the cerebral cortex, particularly the areas responsible for language and thought. A loss of language skills, lower the person's ability to make decisions, and the resulting changes in personality. Explosive emotions and behavioral disorders, such as walking without purpose and agitation began to arise, and the more slowly over the course of the disease (Sylvia, 2005). Finally, many areas are involved, the atrophy and the patient is usually unable to interact with others, and very dependent on other people to do the most basic personal tasks, such as eating, drinking, defecation urination, and defecation. Macroscopically, the brain changes in this disease involves severe damage to cortical and hypothalamic neurons, and amyloid accumulation in the intracranial vessels. Morphological changes consist of two characteristic lesions that eventually evolved into soma degeneration, axons and dendrites of neurons (Wiwik, 2005). One sign of lesion is neurofibrillary tangles, the intracellular structures containing fibers tangled, twisted, which is composed mostly of proteins. In the central nervous system, most of these proteins have been studied as inhibitors structurally related shaper in stabilizing microtubules and is an important component of the cytoskeleton of neuronal cells (Muttaqin, 2008).

According Silvia, (2006), a complication that will arise are as follows :

Acute or chronic disease, such as congestive heart failure, pneumonia, kidney and liver disease, cancer and stroke.
Hormonal and nutritional factors, diabetes, adrenal imbalance, or thyroid, malnutrition and dehydration.
Sensory damage associated with loss of vision and hearing as well as sleep deprivation.
Treatment, including taking a variety of medications, prescription (especially the drug combinations that are anticholinergic).
Drugs that interfere with the cholinergic system, and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine can affect memory, learning ability.

7 Nursing Diagnosis for Dementia

1. Relocation stress syndrome
related to changes in the activities of daily life
Characterized by :
confusion, concern, anxiety, looking anxious, irritable, defensive behavior, mental confusion, suspicious behavior, and aggressive behavior.

2. Disturbed Thought Process related to physiological changes (irreversible neuronal degeneration)
Characterized by :
memory loss or memory, loss of concentration, not able to interpret the stimulation and assess reality accurately.

3. Disturbed Sensory perception related to changes in perception, transmission or sensory integration (neurological disease, unable to communicate, sleep disorders, pain)
Characterized by :
anxiety, apathy, anxiety, hallucinations.

4. Distrubed Sleeping Pattern related to changes in the environment
Characterized by : a verbal complaint about difficulty sleeping, constantly awake, not able to determine the needs / sleep time.

5. Self-care Deficit related to activity intolerance, decreased endurance and strength
Characterized by :
decreased ability to perform activities of daily living.

6. Risk for injury related to the difficulty of balance, weakness, uncoordinated muscle, seizure activity.

7. Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to forgetfulness , setbacks hobby , sensory changes .

Disturbed Thought Process - NCP for Dementia

smgpbg Dementia , Disturbed Thought Process

Nursing Care Plan for Dementia

One of the degenerative disease is dementia, ie which have insidious onset and progressive in general, be getting worse. Overview of various aspects of specialty include loss of intellectual abilities such as memory, judgment, abstract thought, and other higher cortical functions , as well as changes in keperibadian and behavior (Townsend , 2000) .

Dementia is a clinical syndrome that includes loss of intellectual function and memory were so serious that it causes dysfunction of everyday life. Dementia is a condition when a person experiences memory loss and other thinking power which significantly interfere with daily activities (Arif muttaqin, 2008) .

Nursing Diagnosis : Disturbed Thought Process related to physiological changes (irreversible neuronal degeneration).

Characterized by :

memory loss,
loss of concentration,
not able to interpret the stimulation,
not able to assess reality accurately.

Goal : expected to be able to recognize a change in thinking.

Outcomes :

Able to demonstrate the ability to undergo cognitive consequences of stressful events on the emotions and thoughts of self.
Able to develop strategies for overcoming negative self- perception.
Be able to identify the behavior and the causes.

Interventions :

Develop a supportive environment and nurse - client relationship is therapeutic.
Maintain a pleasant and quiet environment.
Face-to- face when talking to clients.
Call client by name.
Use a rather low voice and speak slowly to the client.

Rationale :

Reduce anxiety and emotional.
Noise is excessive sensory neurons that increase interference.
Raises concern , especially in clients with perceptual disorders.
The name is a form of self-identity and lead to the introduction of reality and the client.
Increase understanding. High Speech and hard cause stress and confrontation that sparked an angry response.

Nursing Interventions for Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements

smgpbg Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements , Nursing Interventions for Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements

Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements
related to :

Decreased oral intake, discomfort in the mouth, nausea, vomiting.
Decreased absorption of nutrients.
Vomiting, anorexia, impaired digestion.
Depression, stress, social isolation.

Outcomes : The client will :
consume the daily nutritional needs in accordance with the level of activity and metabolic demand.

Indicator :

Explaining the importance of adequate nutrition.
Identify gaps or deficiencies in the daily intake.
Mention the methods to increase appetite.

Intervention

1. Explaining the need for the consumption of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and adequate fluid.
2. Consult with a nutritionist to establish a daily calorie needs and the type of food that is in accordance with the client.
3. Discuss with the client the possible causes of loss of appetite.
4. Encourage clients to rest before eating.
5. Instruct food in small amounts but often .
6. On the condition of decreased appetite, limit fluid intake during meals and avoid consuming fluids one hour before and after meals.
7. Encourage and assist clients to maintain good oral hygiene.
8. Set the position of foods high in calories and high in protein are presented when the client is usually the most hungry.
9. Perform the following steps to increase appetite :

Determine the client's food preferences and set it to the food presented whenever possible.
Eliminate odors and unpleasant sight of the dining area.
Control pain and nausea before eating.
Instruct the nearest person is allowed to bring food from home if possible.
Create a relaxing environment while eating.

10. Give the client a list of diet nutrient material , which consists of :

High intake of complex carbohydrates and fiber .
Reduction of the intake of sugar , salt , cholesterol , total fat and saturated fat .
The use of alcohol only in moderation .
Appropriate caloric intake to maintain ideal weight .

Constipation Causes Symptoms and Treatment

smgpbg Constipation , Constipation Causes Symptoms and Treatment

Constipation is a common digestive problem. Usually characterized by constipation bear or irregular bowel movements. In addition to people who suffer from constipation often experience bowel movement, and a knotted stomach ache. People who experience constipation defecate normally only 3 times a week or even less.

Usually constipation is only temporary. Lifestyle changes along with a proper diet, which contains lots of fiber and nutrients are able to overcome this.

To learn more about the constipation, please read the following description, from the symptoms, causes and ways of treatment.

Symptoms of Constipation

Signs and symptoms of constipation include:

A bowel movement fewer than three times a week.
Difficult defecation.
Excruciating abdominal pressure when the movement of the intestine.
Feeling of blockage in the rectum.
The feeling was not finished after a bowel movement.

Causes and Risk Factors

Normally feces in the intestine is driven by the contraction of the intestinal muscles. In the large intestine the water and salt absorbed back because it is important for the body. But when the colon absorbs too much water, or colon muscle contractions slowly then the stool will be hard and dry so that the movement of the large intestine becomes too slow.

You may also experience constipation if the muscles are used to move the intestines do not function properly. This problem is called anismus.

A number of factors which led to, among others :

Lack of fluids or dehydration.
Lack of fiber in the diet.
Lack of physical activity (especially in the elderly).
Irritable bowel syndrome.
Changes in lifestyle or routine, including pregnancy, aging and travel.
Pain ('re having a disease).
Frequent use or misuse of laxatives.
Certain diseases, such as stroke, diabetes, thyroid disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Problems in the colon and rectum, such as bowel obstruction or diverticulosis.
Certain drugs.
Hormonal disorders, such as thyroid gland is not active.
Damage to the anal skin and hemorrhoid.
The loss of salt levels in the body due to vomiting or diarrhea.
Injury to the spinal cord, which can have an effect on the intestine.

In rare cases, constipation can be a sign that you are experiencing a serious medical condition, such as colon cancer, hormone disruption or interference with the autoimmune. In children, constipation may indicate Hirschsprung disease - nerve cells lost condition inborn.

Prevention

There is a saying that prevention is better than cure . And here's how to prevent constipation or constipation :

Eating foods rich in fiber .
Limit foods low in fiber .
Drinking enough.
Regular exercise .
Do not delay when you want to defecate .
Try fiber supplements .
Be careful in choosing a laxative .

Causes of Constipation In Pregnancy

smgpbg Causes of Constipation In Pregnancy , Constipation

Causes of Constipation In Pregnancy

1. Increased Progesterone.
Progesterone plays a role in the process of relaxation of the smooth muscle work. Increased hormone (progesterone), resulting in movement or mobility of the digestive organs become relaxed or be slow. As a result, the process so much longer gastric emptying and transit time of food in the stomach increases. In addition, intestinal peristalsis (intestinal massage, one of the activities of digesting food) also slowed down so that the thrust and contraction of the intestines to weaken the leftovers. As a result, food waste accumulates in the colon longer and difficult to remove.

2. Pressure rectum.
The growing pregnant belly, also advanced impact, namely the rectum (the lower part of the colon) depressed. The pressure makes the feces becomes smooth, so that constipation occurs.

3. Enlarged abdomen.
Maternal abdominal swelling , causing the pressure of the uterus on the pelvic veins and inferior vena cava (a large vein on the right side of the body, which receives blood flow from the lower body). Pressure was increasingly affect the working system of the small intestine and colon. That is why, constipation often occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy, when belly bigger.

4. Less fiber.
Body needs fiber for the digestive system. Facilitate fiber intake work in breaking down food digestion, to remove feces or dirt. In a normal person once, lack of fiber can cause constipation. Moreover, in pregnant women is a special condition.

5. Not exercising.
Exercise makes the body healthy and launch a process of metabolism in the body. Exercising on a regular basis, for example, walking or swimming, will stimulate the muscles of the stomach and intestines, one of them, triggering intestinal peristalsis, thereby preventing constipation.

6. Consuming iron.
Consumption of high doses of iron, for example, from supplements, took part in causing constipation.

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